Water and Environment, Volume 2

One of the most valuable natural resources on earth is water. The quality characteristics of both surface water and groundwater are deteriorating daily because of anthropogenic activities. The irrigation of fish, shrimp, and prawns has suddenly increased during the past ten years in the West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh, due to a sudden spur in aquaculture. Due to the contamination of the water resources, most of the people switched to drinking water available in cans or tins. Because the study location (Yanamadurru, a rural place in India) is surrounded by many aqua tanks/fields, an attempt is made to compare the water quality parameters of the water samples. According to water quality tests, it was found that one of the water samples has 2.43 mg/l of phosphate ions, which indicates the water may be unfit for drinking and agricultural use. When compared to potable water, the water samples have higher specific conductance, TDS, total organic compounds, BOD, and COD, and the DO levels are found to be lower. The content of Iron (Fe) in sample 1 and sample 3 was measured at 0.0021 and 0.0074 mg/l, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of bicarbonate in both samples was found to be 5 mg/l. It is worth noting that the concentration of bicarbonates and iron in potable water was determined to be 0 mg/l. According to the analysis (results of the collected samples), the expansion in aquaculture has caused a disturbance in the water quality indicators. According to the carried-out research analysis, it has been demonstrated that water utilized in households, industries, and aquaculture must undergo treatment before being released into the environment.

Submerged artificial reefs are the coastal structures that protect the coastline in an effective way with minimum damage to the coastal environment and enhance the marine ecology in the region. The artificial reefs (AR) commonly used come in various shapes and sizes, which offer different levels of coastal protection and serve various recreational purposes. This paper discusses a physical model study that provides insight into comparing the performance of circular pipe-shaped submerged artificial reef structures made of two different diameter pipes, tested under different wave conditions in a wave flume. The inference of the study shows that the larger diameter AR shows comparatively less wave transmission compared to the smaller diameter AR. However, the wave transmission reduction is considerably less with the maximum change noted to be under 26%.

Cable-stayed bridges are widely used due to their many advantages. In the current study, a thorough analysis of cable-stayed bridges with mixed type of cable configuration has been done. Using the MIDAS software, 16 sets of models, each with a span length of 420 m, have been created while taking into account the commonly used design codes. A parametric analysis of pylon heights ranging from 55 to 200 m has been done in this study. The effects of the dead load, superimposed dead load and Pretension load were taken into account during linear static analyses. For different pylon heights, the behaviour of structural parameters like displacement and bending moment of girder and pylon is examined. In this study, various structural parameters such as displacement, bending moment of girder and pylon, and axial compressive force on pylon are calculated. For a pylon height of 55 m, the maximum value of girder displacement is 0.963218 mm, which occurs at the middle of the side span. For a 200-m pylon height, the maximum pylon displacement value is 0.258026 mm, which occurs at the pylon's top. The maximum axial compressive force on a pylon is −57,531.2 KN at the pylon's base at a height of 200 m. This research will be extremely useful to structural engineers when designing a cable-stayed bridge.

Landfill is most widely used solution for ultimate disposal of wastes generated with rising urbanization and industrialization. Landfill being a promising solution for waste management effectively but also creates menace to the environment by generation of contaminated wastewater produced by leaching of waste dumped with age known to be leachate. This paper collectively suggests that a sequential treatment approach using primary treatment followed by gravel and zero-valent iron (ZVI) filter media can effectively treat landfill leachate. The present study was carried out to treat the landfill leachate by using a primary treatment followed by ZVI filter techniques. Study was carried out in batch mode by monitoring the COD and solids. This study reports the pretreatment of landfill leachate by coagulation followed by ZVI filtration. Performance of coagulation-flocculation and ZVI in series was analysed at optimum retention time of 12 h for parameters such as pH, COD and (TS) total solids. The maximum efficiency achieved for COD removal was 83.87%. Also, reduction in TS and TDS were observed.

Scanty information is available in the literature on scour control around a piers group founded in the gravel bed. The present study is concerned with careful experimental investigation of local scour at a group of bridge piers founded in staggered arrangement in the gravel bed. The scour control aspect in the present study was examined by applying collar plate around the piers. The present study was carried out under uniform flow clear scour condition in a gravel bed of median size 3 mm at varied radial pier spacing with 45^ο constant angle of attack to the direction of flow. The present study reveals that with no use of collar plate around the piers, piers became almost free of mutual interference at clear radial pier spacing of ‘10b’, where b is the pier diameter. It is worth to mention that with collar around the piers, the effect of interference of bridge piers on local scour vanished at clear radial pier spacing of ‘7b’. The piers of new bridges may or may not align with the piers of old bridges. In this perspective, the present study is useful to practicing field hydraulic engineers on the safe and economical placing of the bridge piers, which fall in staggered arrangement in newly proposed and existing old bridges.

This research introduces a semantic segmentation framework employing the U-Net model. The U-Net model is utilized in this study to classify individual pixels within synthetic aperture radar images. The model has been adapted to semantically segment the image pixels into oil spills, look-alikes, sea-surface, land and ships. The semantic segmentation network was utilized using four different backbones to observe their performance. The U-net model that utilizes an Efficient-net-B3 backbone performs the best among all the four backbones with a mIoU score of 76.53% and intersection over union (IoU) value of 62.08% for oil spills, 54.20% for look-alikes, 97.02% for sea surface, 72.06% for ships and 97.30% for land class. The results indicate that U-Net models with appropriate backbones effectively segment oil spill areas in SAR images.

Due to climate change, extreme temperature events have become increasingly frequent in recent years. Adapting to extreme events is necessary to reduce their adverse effects on various sectors like agriculture, water resources, health, and ecosystems. For this, it is crucial to understand the extreme temperature characteristics. Temperature Duration Frequency (TDF) curves are useful for analyzing extreme heat events as they provide a relationship between the maximum temperature across various durations and their frequency. A non-stationary approach is used to account for external climate forcing, in which covariates (i.e., Global warming, humidity, and time) that cause extreme temperature changes are used for modelling. The non-stationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) analysis is conducted for Ahmedabad in India. Eight non-stationary models are created for each duration using three covariates and their combinations. For comparison, a stationary model is also developed. The analysis reveals a non-stationarity component in the AM temperature series of Ahmedabad city. Furthermore, it is noted that the stationary GEV model consistently underestimates the occurrence of extreme temperature events across all durations and return periods, as indicated by the comparison of temperature intensities.

Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) treatment is considered as a promising alternative to conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP). The major advantage of AGS is lower Sludge Volume Index (SVI) and higher settling velocity compared to ASP. Due to these advantages, several researchers have started attempting AGS treatment for domestic sewage treatment. However, the formation of aerobic granules takes a very long time about 100–200 days as mentioned in most of the literatures reported so far. Hence this project is framed to find a specific method that can accelerate granule formation in AGS treatment. Initially, sludge sample was collected from the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science (HITS) and analyzed for solids content. Two approaches (i) use of biofilters i.e., bioballs, activated carbon and ceramic rings (ii) use of biocarriers i.e., chitosan and zeolite were studied. Among the studied methods, zeolite accelerated granule formation after 7 days with a sludge volume index (SVI) of 50 mL/g; settling velocity of 0.0466 cm/s and granule size of 3–5 mm. This study has a potential scope for field scale application to reduce the volume of sludge generated during ASP.

A comprehensive understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and trajectory is imperative for accurately forecasting storm surges. The present aim is to investigate the features of TC Ockhi and the respective storm surge using the WRF-ARW meteorological and Delft3D-FM hydrodynamic models. The focus is on understanding the performance of the WRF winds in simulating storm surges associated with the cyclone. The WRF model is used to simulate the features of TC Ockhi, and the results are validated with in-situ observations, scatterometer observations, and reanalysis datasets. The Delft3D-FM hydrodynamic model simulates the storm surge associated with TC Ockhi. The hydrodynamic model is forced with the spatially varying wind and pressure fields from the WRF model. The hydrodynamic model results are validated with the observed water level for five different locations and show that the model can capture the surge satisfactorily along the storm track. The hydrodynamic model is also forced with the IMD observed track data (Wind and pressure) whose storm surge is well correlated with the storm surge obtained from WRF data. Overall, the study demonstrates the usefulness of simulation-based approaches in understanding the dynamics of cyclones and predicting storm surges.

A composite material, prepared by mixing clay and pumpkin seedcake, was developed to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) dye. Its effectiveness was evaluated through batch tests. The highest removal efficiency of 84%, was observed at a pH of 10, adsorbent dose of 1 g/L with reaction time of 60 min and an initial RhB concentration of 50 mg/L. The experimental results closely aligned with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Temkin isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption process is heterogeneous and predominantly driven by chemisorption.

The expansion of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments and their adverse environmental effects has fuelled the development of improved wastewater treatment technology. Conventional procedures are frequently ineffectual in dealing with the persistent nature of medications. The extraordinary advances in the photocatalytic removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater using biochar-based nanocomposites are discussed in this review study. It starts by explaining the environmental consequences of pharmaceutical pollution and emphasizes the need for more effective cleanup procedures. Biochar's physicochemical and surface features, including its large surface area and functional groups, are reviewed, emphasizing its applicability for adsorption and catalytic applications. Surface modifications are being investigated to improve biochar's photocatalytic capabilities. The photocatalytic mechanism behind medication elimination is detailed, offering insights into the fundamental mechanisms involved. This review will discuss current advances in producing biochar-based nanocomposites and their use in pharmaceutical degradation. A significant focus is the synergy between biochar's adsorption capabilities and the photocatalytic prowess of nanomaterials, revealing the adaptability of this technique for addressing a wide range of pharmaceutical pollutants. The environmental and economic viability of using biochar-based nanocomposites for pharmaceutical removal is discussed, emphasizing its potential benefits to carbon sequestration and more energy-efficient wastewater treatment. Finally, this review paper not only gives a thorough account of current breakthroughs in pharmaceutical removal utilizing biochar-based nanocomposites but also emphasizes the vital need for long-term solutions in the face of pharmaceutical contamination. Investigating these advancements and prospects in this area will motivate further research to attain a cleaner and more sustainable future in water treatment.

Water distribution systems are critical infrastructure networks that supply clean and safe drinking water to urban and rural populations. Managing and optimizing these systems is paramount for ensuring water quality, resource conservation, and system efficiency. It begins with an overview of the challenges and complexities of water distribution systems, emphasizing the need for advanced data analysis techniques. Clustering is a data-driven tool that impacts water distribution system optimization. Subsequently, the paper delves into various clustering algorithms and their adaptations for handling water distribution data. Commonly used clustering methods such as K-means, fuzzy, hierarchical, and D.B.S.C.A.N. are discussed, alongside their strengths and limitations in this domain. This paper offers a comprehensive examination of clustering techniques in the context of water distribution system management; for scholars, engineers, and legislators looking to boost the effectiveness and resilience of these vital infrastructure networks, this study provides an extensive analysis of clustering approaches in the context of managing water distribution systems.

The objective of this paper is to highlights the District Metered Areas (DMAs) formation in water distribution networks with focus on critical study of design and optimization techniques used in DMA formation. DMAs are crucial way for reducing water loss, increasing system effectiveness, and boosting water security. To reduce water loss and improve DMAs, the study analyzes several approaches, including machine learning, multi-criteria decision analysis and graph theory-based approaches. The advantages of DMAs for network sustainability and performance are emphasized, while the difficulties in implementing them are acknowledged. The research highlights the potential for DMAs and cutting-edge optimization methods to transform the management of water distribution networks.

Zinc sulphide (ZnS) and its nanocomposites have received a lot of interest in recent years for their potential photocatalytic uses, notably dye removal from wastewater. This review article aims to offer a complete summary of current improvements in ZnS-based photocatalysts for dye removal, emphasizing limitations and strategies for improving photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the impact of the synthesis technique, template, and doping of heteroatoms in ZnS matrices on boosting photocatalytic efficiency is investigated. The mechanisms governing dye degradation over ZnS photocatalysts, such as the production and separation of photoinduced charge carriers, are explained. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects for developing ZnS-based photocatalysts for large-scale dye removal applications are discussed. This study aims to be a significant resource for photocatalysis researchers by giving insights into current advances and guiding future research efforts toward designing and improving effective ZnS-based photocatalysts for environmental remediation.

The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) device is a widely researched wave energy converter (WEC) that provides a renewable energy source with the potential to meet world energy demands. This study will involve altering the orifice ratio and relative opening and conducting numerical simulations to assess their effects. The numerical simulation is carried out in a 3-D numerical wave tank (NWT) using ANSYS FLUENT software CFD code to discretize the 2nd order Stokes wave equation, and the discretization is carried out with the help of the finite volume method (FVM). Numerical results are compared with previously published experimental data to ensure the model is accurate. Hydrodynamic efficiency rises between τ = 0.4–0.8% and declines between τ = 0.8–1.3% for all relative openness (α). Optimal efficiency of 73.30% is achieved with α = 75% and wave steepness = 0.02. The 30° leap wall OWC device or triangular shape leap wall OWC device has superior hydrodynamic efficiency than the rectangular base OWC device.

In the present times, water pollution has become a matter of concern all over the world. The water obtained from rivers is a primary source for all human beings as well the wildlife, gets polluted because of industrial wastes, human wastes and several other factors. Due to this fact, it becomes unfit for consumption. So, before using such water, it should properly be assessed considering parameters like alkalinity, acidity etc. In the present work, the water quality of Bahini river of Assam has been assessed by considering three different locations throughout Guwahati city. From the results, it was found that several parameters like alkalinity, acidity, total dissolved solids does not come under the range of standard limits set by WHO and hence the water from the river is not fit for human consumption if it is left untreated. Therefore, proper treatment measures should be taken before utilizing it for human activities.

The oceans are among the most valuable natural resources known to humankind. They are dynamic complex structures providing abundant resources that support a myriad of life forms. They appear to be endless supplies of both food and transportation due of their vastness. But in recent years, humans have started to push the oceans’ limits, and it is time to consider applying administering them in a more sustainable manner. And to utilize the oceans in more sustainable manner, for that understanding how ocean work and what are the processes that affect oceans. Internal wave plays very significant role in dynamics of World Ocean by the mixing of ocean waters by assisting in the downward movement of warm surface waters and the absorption of heat from the atmosphere. Objective of this study is to understand the generation, propagation and dispersion of internal tides near eastern coast of Andhra Pradesh. Internal waves can cause considerable mixing and the production of turbulence regions, which significantly contribute to the formation of the bottom topography and have an impact on the ecology and underwater portions of hydraulic infrastructure. It has an immediate impact on the economic activities carried out by people. In coastal environments, they have the potential to transport nutrients upward into the euphotic zone and transport heat, momentum, nutrients, pollutants, sediment, and even biota such as larvae. Breaking of internal waves mix the water together changing the density and thereby affecting the large ocean currents which play an important part in the world climate and although this exchange of energy is very important for climate models it has not yet been included. Therefore it is important to know exactly where and how the internal waves are generated as well as where and how they break, for that this study uses remotely sensed satellite data.

Dairy industry produces significant effluent as well as being one of the most polluting food sectors. High levels of COD, BOD, and various types including organic, inorganic substances. Untreated dairy waste has a very pungent smell that attracts germs; therefore, it is dangerous to environment, groundwater, and public health and it needs a good treatment before disposal. The study focused on untreated dairy wastewater used for treating purposes. Some of these natural coagulants were based on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), corn (Zea mays), custard apple seed (Annona reticulate) and Preliminary characteristics of the untreated wastewater showed turbidity amounting to 298.3 FAU, pH was 5.83, TSD was 1378 mg/L, TS was 4100 mg/L, TSS was 2722 mg/L, EC was at 1968.57 mS/cm, COD was at 380 mg/L and BOD was at 9.6 mg/L. It was observed that the optimum dosage of cowpea, corn, cluster bean and custard apple seeds are found to be 2 g/1000 mL, 5 g/1000 mL, 2 g/1000 mL and 3 g/1000 mL respectively. Cowpea was found to be less efficient on pollutants removal and similar results were observed with seeds of cluster bean and custard apple. Corn appeared to be as the best coagulant that removed up to 7.32% of TDS and 18.29% of TSS. Corn was remarkably more efficient than any other coagulant, including parameters that did not measure turbidity. This further reinforces the ability of Zea Mays or Corn as an excellent natural coagulant in dairy wastewater treatment.

Agricultural plants and crops are being cultivated in higher amounts to compensate the food necessities of the growing world population. Pesticides are used extensively in order to protect them from harmful agents like insects, fungi, bacteria and herbs. Even though pesticides reduce the growth of pests, their presence in the environment poses adverse issues to the ecosystem. Owing to the extensive use of pesticides, some traces of pesticide residues eventually end up in the influent samples of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) through storm water runoff. Also, pesticides are being detected in STPs in relatively higher amounts in recent years. The conventional STPs not efficient to remove pesticides and the pesticides are let out along with the effluent of the treated wastewater. Hence there arises an inevitable need to characterize pesticides and study their behaviour and removal in STP. To do such characterization for screening purposes, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) approved Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite. In this paper, one module called STPWIN of EPI suite is employed to estimate the removal percent of 54 pesticides. It is found among the 54 approved pesticides that 40 pesticides have their removal efficiency less than 20% which elucidates that these pesticides must be prioritised. The results obtained in STPWIN and the chemical functional groups responsible for recalcitrance are discussed in detail in this paper. This study emphasizes that there exists a need to upgrade the existing STPs with due consideration to emerging contaminants like pesticides.

This paper highlights the preservation of a 100 year-old natural water body, its ecology, and utilization of pond water for drinking purposes and highlights the protection from pollution and degradation. The water body is called Raja tank, a fresh water pond that extends over 12.72 acres located in Kakinada city. Long time back, this pond water caters to the drinking water demand of Kakinada people, but now not in use for different reasons. To bring this water body back into use to meet the water demand of a fast-growing city, the present work on “A Study on Sediment Analysis, Raw Water Quality and Design of Inlet and Outlet for Raja tank, Kakinada, A.P.” has been carried out. The reason and the main objective of this study is that the storage capacity of the existing water tanks is not enough to meet the population demand; hence, this work has been carried out to determine the quality of raw water and its suitability for future use after treatment. As such, there has been no maintenance of the pond for the past few decades, which has led to stagnation and sedimentation in the pond. In addition, there is no inlet and outlet arrangement to this pond for filling of the pond with freshwater or discharge of stagnant water; hence, an inlet and outlet arrangement was designed. To know about Raja tank as a storage reservoir, raw water quality with special reference to seasonal changes and suitability for drinking purpose, water samples were collected and the physical, chemical, and biological nature of the pond water was analyzed. Sediment analysis was also performed. Based on the water quality analysis, composition of the sediment, the suitability of water in Raja tank for drinking purpose and for future use, etc., and chances of rejuvenation Raja tank, etc., had been decided. Except for turbidity, pH, and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), all the remaining physical, chemical, and biological parameters are quite good, the raw water quality is suitable for treatment, and supply can also meet the future water demand of smart cities. A higher DO value also indicates no organic pollution load. A comprehensive raw water quality management plan is suggested for ULB, Kakinada, which is a smart city.

The seismic safety of concrete gravity dams stands as a paramount concern in ensuring the integrity of critical infrastructure. This study carefully examines the seismic design standards for concrete gravity dams, providing a detailed examination of these criteria and their critical role in protecting these important facilities from seismic risks. It goes into the fundamental principles of seismic design requirements, taking into account elements such as geological characteristics, dynamic stresses, and how structures respond to them. Understanding these factors is critical for dam engineers, regulators, and stakeholders, as it influences their decision-making processes, engineering methods, and risk mitigation techniques. By giving insight on the complexity of seismic design for concrete gravity dams, this study helps to improve their resilience and safety in the face of seismic hazards. It addresses the challenges presented by complex nonlinear factors, including material properties and geometric considerations, emphasizing that meeting seismic safety standards requires accounting for both dynamic and static stresses.

Stability is the most important criterion for the safe operation of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). Mooring lines are generally used for FOWTs to keep them in a particular position and failure of mooring lines may induce the damage to the FOWTs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the dynamic response of FOWT following mooring failure. The dynamic response of FOWT will increase rapidly due to mooring failure. Hence, tuned mass damper (TMD) is used in this paper for mitigating the response of FOWT. The TMD is installed in the nacelle part of the wind turbine and the model uncertainties are also considered during the design of TMD. The ITI Energy barge-type floating platform is considered in the present paper for supporting NREL 5 MW wind turbine. The failure of the single mooring line for ITI Energy barge FOWT with TMD is numerically simulated using the open-source code OpenFAST. The environmental conditions corresponding to the above cut-in and around cut-out wind speed are considered for simulating the operating condition of FOWT. It is found that the platform responses are very large due to mooring failure. The maximum surge, sway, roll, and yaw responses are increased by 169%, 643%, 190%, and 336%, respectively, for mooring failure compared to intact mooring in the above cut-in wind speed condition. It is also noted that the TMD is more useful for mitigating the dynamic response of FOWT following mooring failure. The maximum values of roll and pitch platform responses are decreased by 21% and 5.5%, respectively, for mooring failure with TMD than for without TMD case in the above cut-in wind speed condition.

The adsorptive qualities of commercially available rice husk ash (RHA) were investigated for Safranin O dye. An investigation was conducted in batch mode to examine the impact of different factors, such as pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose, and agitation speed (rpm), on the removal of dye. The state of adsorption equilibrium was reached after 40 min under optimal conditions of pH 7, 150 revolutions per minute, temperature of 303 Kelvin, and adsorbent dosage of 20 g per liter. The removal efficiency achieved was 99.27%. In addition, the equilibrium adsorption data was examined using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R). The highest adsorption capacity was determined to be 39.21 mg/gm. The adsorption of Safranin onto RHA was positively affected by an increase in temperature. The adsorption data was best fitted by a second-order kinetic model, indicating chemisorption. The thermodynamic characteristics for the process are as follows: the change in entropy (∆S⁰) is 106.58 J/mol, the heat of adsorption (∆H⁰) is 27.86 kJ/mol, and the change in Gibb’s free energy (∆G⁰) is −2.96 kJ/mol at 293 K, −4.78 kJ/mol at 300 K, and −5.25 kJ/mol at 313 K. These values indicate that the adsorption process is endothermic, spontaneous, and favorable. Therefore, RHA has the potential to be utilized as an adsorbent to eliminate Safranin O dye.

The urgent necessity to identify and mitigate the damaging effects of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (COTS) on coral reefs has spurred research for enhanced detection techniques. Manual methods, susceptible to monotony and inaccuracies, highlight the demand for more efficient approaches to safeguard these vital marine ecosystems. This study delves into the relatively unexplored application of deep learning in COTS detection, presenting a thorough comparison of recent approaches such as YOLOv5, YOLOv5 with TensorFlow Lite, and CNN with attention models. Leveraging the unique CSIRO dataset tailored for COTS detection through deep learning, the analysis reveals that CNN with attention models, incorporating well-known pre-trained models VGG19 and MobileNetv2, outperforms others in precision, recall, and F1 score. Despite achieving accurate object detection, the study highlights the undisclosed features influencing decisions in CNN with attention models. This research paves the way for marine ecology exploration, utilizing deep learning for rapid and precise Crown-of-Thorns Starfish detection, with significant implications for ecological monitoring and conservation efforts.

For the sake of public health safety, it is crucial to assess the water quality of a waterbody. In addition to being consumption of contaminated water, recreational use (fishing, swimming) also contributes to the spread of various diseases e.g. skin diseases. In this study, water quality index (WQI) was developed by applying the entropy weight method for the Barak River. Fourteen water quality parameters from two river locations were considered for the development of WQI. The WQI was used to evaluate the water fitness for bathing purpose. The methods of classification based on machine learning (ML), Support Vector (SV) and K Nearest Neighbour models were scrutinized to predict and classify WQI. For evaluating the performance of the models, precision, recall, F1-score and confusion matrix were applied. The findings of this study identified that for both the locations, bathing water quality varied from ‘good-fair’ range. The research outcome also exhibit that Support Vector performed well than K Nearest Neighbour model. This study demonstrates the implementation/attribute of ML models in classification of river water quality; hence it will be beneficial to water quality monitoring agencies and stakeholders.