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Watershed Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development

The Case of the Yellow River Basin

  • 2025
  • Buch
Verfasst von
Tongxin Zhu
Verlag
Springer Nature Switzerland
Enthalten in
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"
Springer Professional "Technik"
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

Dieser Band ist eine Fortsetzung des Buches Watershed Erosion Processes (Springer, 2021) des Autors. Aufbauend auf dieser früheren Arbeit untersucht Autor Tongxin Zhu systematisch die wichtigsten Umweltprobleme und Lösungen, um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung in Chinas großem, komplexen Gelben Flussbecken zu erreichen. Das in Nordchina gelegene Becken hat eine Entwässerungsfläche von 290.343 Quadratmeilen. Der Gelbe Fluss, der zweitlängste Fluss Chinas und der sechstlängste Fluss der Welt, fließt durch sieben Provinzen und zwei autonome Regionen, in denen mehr als 100 Millionen Menschen leben. Als Wiege der chinesischen Zivilisation hat das Gelbe Flussbecken eine lange Geschichte menschlicher Besiedlung. Das rasche Bevölkerungswachstum in der jüngeren Geschichte und die fragilen Umweltbedingungen im Becken haben eine Reihe von Umweltproblemen verursacht, darunter Bodenerosion, Sedimentation, Wüstenbildung, Wasserverschmutzung und -knappheit, Versalzung, Verlust der Vegetationsdecke und Biodiversität und so weiter. Die globale Erwärmung verstärkt die Schnee- / Gletscherschmelze und den Permafrostabbau weiter und erhöht Häufigkeit und Ausmaß extremer klimatischer Ereignisse (z. B. Überschwemmungen, Dürren usw.). In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden massive Anstrengungen unternommen, um die oben genannten Probleme durch Erhaltung, Wiederherstellung und Management der Wassereinzugsgebiete in Angriff zu nehmen. In diesem Band geht der Autor auf viele Probleme im Zusammenhang mit diesem Wendepunkt ein, einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf Bodenschutz, Wasserqualität, Landnutzung und die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels.
Mit KI übersetzt

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the environmental impacts of human activities, then explores key watershed processes. It proceeds to discuss the goals of watershed management in advancing sustainable development. Finally, it offers an overview of the book’s structure and contents.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 2. The Yellow River Basin
Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation of the Yellow River and examines the physical environment conditions of its drainage basin, including the region’s topography, climate, and soils, water resources, and land cover. It also explores human impacts on the natural environment in the basin.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 3. Paleo-Climates and Environments
Abstract
Understanding the paleoenvironmental conditions of a watershed is essential for evaluating human impacts on the current environment, guiding the restoration of degraded ecosystems, and predicting the future climate changes and their impact. This chapter will cover: (1) methods for reconstructing paleoclimates and paleoenvironmental conditions; (2) the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the climates of the Yellow River basin; (3) the paleoclimates and paleoenvironmental conditions of the Loess Plateau; and (4) the migration patterns of the lower stream channels of the Yellow River.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 4. Soil Erosion: Controlling Factors and Processes
Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the key factors influencing soil erosion in the region, including climate, topography, soil, and land use and cover. It then delves into the different erosion processes such as rainsplash, sheet erosion, rill and gully erosion, mass movement, and tunnel erosion. Finally, it addresses the limitations of current research and provides the recommendations for future studies on soil erosion issues in the region.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 5. Soil Conservation and Sustainability
Abstract
In this chapter, we will examine a range of soil conservation strategies implemented in the Loess Plateau region to control soil erosion. This analysis will focus on: evaluating the effectiveness of biological, engineering and agronomic measures in reducing soil and water loss; investigating the effectiveness of check dams in capturing sediment and preventing gully progression; assessing the benefits of combining different conservation practices at the scale of small watersheds for erosion control.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 6. Water Resources Management
Abstract
The twin environmental problems of water quality and water quantity are acute in the Yellow River basin. With only about 2% of the total water resources in China, the basin accounts for 17% of agricultural lands and 8% of national population. Therefore, the Yellow River basin faces critical water issues such as water scarcity, intersectoral water allocations, water pollution, and conflict with economic development. In this chapter, the spatial and temporal variation of water resources in the Yellow River basin are examined. Furthermore, the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting the water quantity and quality are explored. Finally, the strategies for water management sustainability in the basin is discussed.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 7. Biological Deprivation and Restoration
Abstract
This chapter will begin by exploring the natural vegetation, followed by an analysis of the historical changes in vegetation cover within the basin and their underlying causes. It will then address the current state of revegetation efforts, including their benefits and challenges. The chapter will also provide recommendations for the integration of revegetation into ecological sustainability and socio-economic development.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 8. Flood and Prevention
Abstract
The Yellow River has earned “China’s sorrow” for its frequent flood events in the history. The lower channel is an “elevated” river due to sedimentation in the channel confined by the levees. To combat flood hazards, a range of measures have been taken, such as constructing reservoirs, enforcing levees, reducing sediment entering the Yellow River, and dredging channels. This chapter will discuss the sources of sediment deposits, the countermeasures to reduce the sediment input to the river channel, and flood prevention and mitigation in the lower channel.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 9. Droughts, Salinization and Sustainable Agriculture
Abstract
The Yellow River basin, especially the Loess Plateau region, is highly prone to droughts. This chapter will first describe the drought indexes used in the region, followed by a discussion on the causes and impacts of droughts. Additionally, strategies for sustainable agriculture, including land use adaptations and specific techniques to mitigate the effects of droughts, will be examined. Lastly, the factors contributing to salinization in the basin and potential strategies for addressing them will be explored.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 10. Wetland Management
Abstract
The Yellow River basin contains 3.91 million hectares of wetlands, distributed as 80.4% in the upper watershed, 12.5% in the middle watershed, and 7.1% in the lower watershed. The wetlands in the source region of the Yellow River are primarily alpine meadows, while those in the middle reaches consist of riverine and floodplain wetlands, and the lower reaches are mainly coastal wetlands. This chapter will explore the ecological functions of these wetlands, as well as the efforts and challenges involved in wetland management in the basin.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 11. Environmental Impacts of Mining and Oil Production
Abstract
The Yellow River basin serves as an important base for mining coal, oil and natural gas, and metals such as copper, iron, and aluminum. However, mining activities in the region have significant environmental consequences, including water pollution, vegetation loss, soil erosion and deterioration, and land subsidence. This chapter will examine the impacts of mining activities and oil production on the environment and the restoration strategies employed for ecological restoration.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 12. Policy-driven Large Scale Environmental Restoration Projects
Abstract
This chapter explores policy-driven large-scale ecological restoration initiatives, including the Grain-for-Green Program, the Three-River Sources Program, and the Natural Protection Reserve of the Yellow River Delta. While these projects have been mentioned briefly in previous chapters, this chapter provides a comprehensive examination of their environmental, social, and economic impacts. It also discusses stakeholder participation in watershed management, collaboration between government and farmers, the balance between short-term and long-term development goals, and the environmental and economic benefits and conflicts associated with watershed management.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 13. Climate Change Impacts And Adaptation
Abstract
This chapter explores the effects of climate change on watershed environments, including snow and glacial melting, desertification, and carbon sequestration in the upper basin; drought and land degradation in the middle basin; flood risks in the lower basin; and the impact of sea level rise on the river delta. Additionally, the chapter examines how these changes may influence social and economic development.
Tongxin Zhu
Chapter 14. Syntheses and Conclusions
Abstract
The Yellow River basin exhibits considerable regional variation in physical environmental conditions, human-environment interactions, and the environmental challenges stemming from these interactions. These variations necessitate tailored strategies to address and mitigate distinct regional environmental issues, while also coordinating the downstream impacts of these strategies. Numerous studies have examined the effects of both human and natural factors on the environment, the environmental problems, and the impacts of climate change. However, research gaps persists. Despite significant progress in addressing environmental issues in the basin, ongoing efforts toward sustainability remain essential.
Tongxin Zhu
Backmatter
Titel
Watershed Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development
Verfasst von
Tongxin Zhu
Copyright-Jahr
2025
Electronic ISBN
978-3-032-02448-0
Print ISBN
978-3-032-02447-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02448-0

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