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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Weapons Development and Civilian Technology Creation

verfasst von : Gunnar Eliasson

Erschienen in: Visible Costs and Invisible Benefits

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Functionally Gripen is a weapons platform or a carrier of weapons. One could also say that the Gripen system, including its missiles, is the weapon (combat system). The most appropriate definition of the Gripen as a combat system therefore is to view it as the critical element in a complex military command and control system, as in Table 4.2. At the time of the Original Gripen study (Eliasson 2010a), it was not possible to separate the missiles. That belonged to the Gripen system, from the much broader range of weapons, or weapons systems that Saab Bofors Dynamics (SBD) was developing, manufacturing, and exporting. Gripen, furthermore, could be equipped with weapons that SBD did not develop and manufacture. This chapter is therefore devoted to estimating the spillovers from all missiles developed at SBD during the period 1982 through 2007, using identical methods to those used in the Gripen case (previous chapter) for the same period. In the end I discuss the integration of the Gripen platform with its armament, a not insignificant technology in itself with considerable spillover characteristics.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Swedish Military Aircraft Industry: The Development, Upgrading, Modernization, and Exporting of the Gripen Combat Aircraft

Nächstes Kapitel The Linköping, Karlskoga, and Gothenburg New Industrial Competence Blocs

Previous chapter and Eliasson (2010a).

Wylie (2014) addresses this problem, when he compares the export success of the airborne Saab, or rather Ericsson, early warning radar system Erieye, with the not so successful Australian JORN over the horizon radar surveillance system.

I have chosen this period to achieve exact comparability with the corresponding spillover multiplier estimates on Gripen in Eliasson (2010a).

For instance the onboard control computer of the European space rocket Ariane.

Antennae and digital data links were two critical technologies for Ericsson to maintain continued dominance in the mobile telephony systems market throughout the 1990s.

Including also Bofors Carl Gustaf, a company founded in Eskilstuna by the seventeenth century warrior king Carl X Gustaf.

Data link technology has meant that a formation of Gripen aircraft together can achieve both enhanced security and more than proportionally increased fire power. Different aircraft identifies the target, locks on the target, and launches the missile and protects the other aircraft in a formation. The enemy does not know which aircraft will fire. The balance between weapons platform (the Gripen), weaponry and network, is a separate technology. The more advanced the network, the greater the combined combat potential of platform and weapons.

RSV stands for “riktad sprängverkan” or directed charge.

Target identification and lock-on by guided missiles or grenades such as the Meteor and the Strix require very sophisticated computer-based image recognition and interpretation systems that have found their way to civilian uses in medical instruments. Similarly, radar technology has found its way to medical applications. Information is engineered such that a pulse is transmitted (a carrier wave) that is reflected back from the target. It is then possible to continuously “measure” the signal received, how long it took and therefore also the distance to the target, and its speed (in terms of the measured frequency shift, the Doppler effect) in comparison with the corresponding speed of the weapons carrier.

See the theoretical analysis in Hart et al. (2001).

Cf the same spillover comparison in Chap. 9 of off-the-shelf vs indigenous submarine building in Australia

Precision machining was critical for both the barrel and the ammunition to raise the performance of the Bofors guns. When the projectile was “rotated” through the barrel of the gun at high speed, both friction and leakage of energy had to be minimized.

To compare with less than 5 years for a technically similar product for back implants in the US. This time the customers were medical doctors, who in general have a broader educational and intellectual background than the dentists (Fridh 2002).

Orbisac is only sold in Europe. The most advanced system based on Orbisac technology, Atreus, was introduced in Europe in 2007. The new system is expected to carry a much larger market potential and will be marketed globally.

A multidisciplinary research university in Rehovot, Israel, founded in 1934. It ranks at the top among non-US research institutes. Its focus is on biosciences, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and computer science.

Biosensor Applications was one research firm specially studied in the IVA medical technology platform project (Eliasson-Lommele (2007), and Sect. 15.2) as a promising procurement project with great spillover potential to develop molecularly based early integrated diagnostics and treatment technologies to counter bioterror attacks.

A similar diagnostic product is under development at the University of California at San Diego (The Economist, April 1.2017:69).

RB 340 was subsequently abandoned, and the Falcon missile from the USA acquired it instead. Such off-the-shelf purchases, however, come with no, or negligible, spillovers. See Chap. 10.

See Sect. 4.2 and Eliasson (2010a: 133f). This microwave technology together with Gripen-based antennae technology became critical for helping Ericsson to reach dominance during the 1980s and 1990s in mobile telephone systems development.

Wylie (2014) makes a related comparison between the Swedish (Ericsson) Erieye airborne radar surveillance project that became an export success and the Australian JORN over the horizon radar system that did not. See Sects. 9.7 and 15.3.

Cf the development of the new A 26 submarine in Chap. 9, the procurement of which by the Swedish Government implied that exports would follow, but that if not, the contract would be renegotiated (SvD 22 Marc hy 2016:08, 22 January 2017:09).

One may argue that a 4% real interest rate is too high. I used that interest assumption in the original Gripen study to obtain comparability with an earlier spillover study on the Gripen project by Fölster (1993). In my own spillover multiplier calculation, it does not matter much, since the same high interest rate appears in both the numerator and the denominator of the multiplier. It furthermore biases the multiplier estimate downwards because the earlier costs (the denominator) are cumulated faster than the spillovers generated (the numerator).

This is the story of nonlinear dynamics and statistical chaos. Since the initial conditions in a dynamic nonlinear process cannot be measured with infinite precision, we cannot determine the trajectory of the system exactly (Puu 1989). Unpredictability, or chaos, or turbulence prevails. In such a situation, the data flow is stochastic (Carleson 1991) and contains zero information (Samuelson 1965).

Axelson, M., & Lundmark, M. (2010, December). Internationaliserad Materielförsörjning-Förutsättningar för försvarsmaterielsamarbete mellan företag, FOI Användarrapport FOI-R-3108-SE.

Carleson, L. (1991). Stochastic behavior of deterministic systems. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 16(1–2), 85–92.CrossRef

Eliasson, G. (2010a). Advanced public procurement as industrial policy – Aircraft industry as a technical university. New York/Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London: Springer.CrossRef

Eliasson, G. (2011a). Advanced purchasing, spillovers and innovative discovery. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 21(1–4), 121–139.CrossRef

Eliasson, G. (2011b). The commercializing of spillovers: A case study of Swedish aircraft industry. In A. Pyka & M. G. D. Fonseca (Eds.), Catching up, spillovers and innovation networks in a Schumpeterian perspective. Heidelberg/Dordrecht/London/New York: Springer.

Eliasson, G., & Eliasson, Å. (2005). The theory of the firm and the markets for strategic acquisitions. In U. Cantner, E. Dinopoulos, & R. F. Lanzilotti (Eds.), Entrepreneurship, the new economy and public policy. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.

Eliasson-Lommele, Å. (2007). Bioterror and biodisaster preparedness – An integrated platform for distributed PoC diagnostics, monitoring and treatment. Document prepared for the IVA Project on The markets for Security Products and Emergency Preparedness, Stockholm (August 10):IVA.

Fölster, S. (1993). De teknologiska spridningseffekterna av JAS: en ny empirisk metod (stencil). Stockholm: IUI.

Fridh, A. (2002). Dynamics and growth: The health care industry (Dissertation), KTH, Stockholm.

Hart, O., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (2001). The proper scope of government: Theory and application to prisons. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 1127–1161.CrossRef

Puu, T. (1989). Nonlinear economic dynamics. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York etc: Springer.CrossRef

Samuelson, P. A. (1965). Proof that properly anticipated prices fluctuate randomly. Industrial Management Review (Spring), 6: 41–49.

Wylie, R. (2014). Why innovation outcomes differ among defence innovation systems: A comparative study of radar innovation in Sweden and Australia. Doctorate thesis, School of Business. The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Canberra.

Titel: Weapons Development and Civilian Technology Creation
verfasst von: Gunnar Eliasson
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Visible Costs and Invisible Benefits
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-66992-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-66993-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66993-9_5

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