nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. What Is Internationalization?

verfasst von : Gabriel Hawawini

Erschienen in: The Internationalization of Higher Education and Business Schools

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

I review the standard definition of internationalization and show that it is restrictive because it emphasizes the inward-looking aspects of the process, ignoring its outward-looking dimensions. I argue that the outward-looking dimensions are essential and provide an alternative definition that captures them. I then examine the international rankings of universities and business schools to illustrate the limitation of the standard inward-looking definition and conclude by calling for the development of outward-looking indicators and the establishment of a new international ranking methodology. Based on the evidence from current rankings, I state two principles: ‘The De Novo Internationalization Principle’ according to which it is easier to build a truly global institution from scratch than transforming an existing institution into a global one, and ‘The Top-Down Internationalization Principle’ according to which internationalization is more likely to succeed if it is an institution-wide process rather than a collection of uncoordinated initiatives at the level of courses and programs.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction and Overview

Nächstes Kapitel Internationalization: Motives

See Stearns [26], Spring [25], Wildavsky [31], AACSB [1], De Meyer [3] and OECD [21].

See OECD [20], ACE [2] and NAFSA [17].

See NASULGC [19], NAFSA [18], Royal Society [22] and European Parliament [5].

See Knight [12‐14], van der Wende [29].

See Levin [16], former president of Yale University.

See Lehman [15], former president of Cornell University.

See Tilghman [27], former president of Princeton University.

See Sexton [23, 24], former president of New York University. According to the Webster dictionary [30] ecumenism means “promoting cooperation or better understanding among differing religious faiths.” John Sexton, a former president of New York University, referred to the principle of ecumenism when discussing NYU’s internationalization drive “not as a theological doctrine but ecumenism as a kind of progressive doctrine of social order.”

See Knight [10] and Knight and de Wit [11].

See European Parliament’s Committee on Culture and Education [5].

See ACE, the American Council for Education at www.acenet.com.

The research and the teaching dimensions are measured along several criteria. For example, the research dimension includes research reputation, research income, research productivity and research citations. See: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25.

Only the first 200 universities are ranked individually; the remaining ones are ranked in groups of 50 (from 201 to 400) followed by groups of 100 (from 401 to 800). See: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/200-most-international-universities-world-2016.

The Global Talent Competitiveness Index for 2015 can be downloaded from the following site: http://global-indices.insead.edu/gtci/gtci-2015-16-report.cfm. The 2014 edition can be downloaded from http://global-indices.insead.edu/gtci/gtci-past-reports.cfm.

See Hawawini [8].

In this respect it should be pointed out that 27 % of Switzerland’s population is born outside the country. See Global Talent Competitiveness Index for 2015.

See AACSB International: http://www.aacsb.edu/knowledge/data/frequently-requested/membership/institutions-offering-business-degrees.

India had 3902 institutions (24 % of the total), the Philippines 1259 (8 %), China 1082 (6 %), Indonesia 992 (6 %) and Mexico 1000 (6 %).

As of December 2015, 740 institutions were accredited by AACSB International, 160 by Equis and 235 by AMBA. Some institutions have double or triple accreditations. See the websites of AACSB International (www.aacsb.edu), Equis (www.efmd.org/accreditation-main/equis), and AMBA (www.mbaworld.com).

The list of accredited schools is available on the websites of AACSB, Equis and AMBA.

See http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-ranking-2015.

The world’s oldest business school is ESCP (Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris) established in 1819 in Paris followed by schools established in Belgium (1855), in Hungary (1857), in Italy (1857) and in France (outside Paris in 1871). The first US business school was founded in 1889 (The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania) and the first UK business school in 1902 (The Birmingham School of Commerce). See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school.

The first graduate business program (a master degree in commerce sciences) was offered in 1900 in the United States at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. It was followed in 1908 by the founding of the Harvard Business School at Harvard University, the first institution in the world to offer an MBA degree. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school.

See de Wit [4] and Hazelkorn et al. [9].

AACSB (2011) The globalization of management education. The Association for the Advancement of Collegiate Schools of Business, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom

ACE (2009) Sizing up the competition, The future of international postsecondary student enrollment in the United States, American Council on Education (www.acenet.edu)

De Meyer A (2012) Reflections on the globalization of management education. J Manag Dev 31(4):336–345CrossRef

de Wit H (2016) Measure of internationalization? Inside Higher Education, 17 January 2016 (www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view)

European Parliament’s Committee on Culture and Education (2015) Internationalisation of Higher Education (www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/…/IPOL_STU(2015)540370_EN.pdf)

Global Talent Competitiveness Index (2016) http://global-indices.insead.edu/gtci/gtci-2015-16-report.cfm

Global Talent Competitiveness Index (2015) http://global-indices.insead.edu/gtci/gtci-past-reports.cfm

Hawawini Gabriel (2005) The future of business schools. J Manag Dev 24(9):770–782CrossRef

Hazelkorn E, Gibson A (2016) Another year, another methodology: are rankings telling us anything new? International Higher Edu 84:3–4

10.

Knight J (1994) Internationalization: elements and checkpoints. Research Monograph, No. 7, Canadian Bureau for International Education, Ottawa, Canada

11.

Knight J, de Wit H (1997) Internationalization of higher education in Asia Pacific countries. European Association for International Education Publications, Amsterdam

12.

Knight J (2003a) Updated internationalization definition. Int Higher Educ 33: 2–3

13.

Knight J (2003b) Internationalization of higher education practices and priorities. IAU Survey Report (http://www.unesco.org/iau/internationalization/pdf/Internationalisation-en.pdf)

14.

Knight J (2015) International universities: misunderstandings and emerging models? J Stud Int Educ 19 (2):107–121

15.

Lehman J (2004) Social engagement and the transnational research university. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

16.

Levin R (2010) Yale and the world (www.yale.edu)

17.

NAFSA (2010) The economic benefits of international education to the United States for the 2008–2009 academic year: a statistical analysis

18.

NAFSA (2011) Comprehensive internationalization

19.

NASULGC (2004) A call to leadership: the presidential role in internationalizing the university. National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, Washington, D.C.

20.

OECD (2004) Internationalization and trade of higher education: challenges and opportunities. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

21.

OECD (2015) The state of higher education in 2014. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

22.

Royal Society (2011) Knowledge, networks and nations: global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. RS Policy Document 03/11: London

23.

Sexton J (2010a) Interviewed by Charlie Rose on PBS, July 23. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11134

24.

Sexton J (2010b) Global network university reflection, http://www.nyu.edu/about/leadership-university-administration/office-of-the-president/redirect/speeches-statements.html

25.

Spring J (2009) Globalization of education. Routledge, New York, NY

26.

Stearns, Peter (2008) Educating global citizens in colleges and universities: challenges and opportunities. New York, NY: Routledge

27.

Tilghman S (2007) Education without borders: internationalizing American universities. www.princeton.edu/president/speeches/20070711/index.xml

28.

Times Higher Education (2016) World University Rankings 2015–2016

29.

van der Wende M (2007) Internationalization of higher education in the OECD countries: challenges and opportunities for the coming decade. J Stud Int Educ 11 (3/4): 274–289

30.

Webster’s New College Dictionary (2015) Cleveland. Wiley, Ohio

31.

Wildavsky B (2010) The great brain race: how global university are reshaping the world. Princeton University Press

Titel: What Is Internationalization?
verfasst von: Gabriel Hawawini
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: The Internationalization of Higher Education and Business Schools
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1755-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-10-1757-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1757-5_2