Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. What Went Wrong? The World Health Organization from Swine Flu to Ebola

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Since 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) has been actively promoting its ability to manage global health security. Recent events such as the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and the 2014 Ebola outbreak have, however, led to questions being raised about the WHO’s abilities and extensive calls for the organisation’s reform. This chapter examines a series of mistakes and the structural, cultural, political and epidemiological factors that contributed to the WHO’s mishandling of the first pandemic of the twenty-first century and the world’s largest ever outbreak of Ebola. The chapter then concludes by examining the reforms currently being implemented to strengthen the WHO’s global health security capabilities and what these signify for the future.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat AFRO. 2014a. AFRO-MEMORANDUM: Proposal to Declare Guinea Ebola Outbreak as Grade 2 Emergency. Brazaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. AFRO. 2014a. AFRO-MEMORANDUM: Proposal to Declare Guinea Ebola Outbreak as Grade 2 Emergency. Brazaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2014d. Standard Operating Procedures: For Coordinating Public Health Event Preparedness and Response in the WHO African Region. Brazzaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. ———. 2014d. Standard Operating Procedures: For Coordinating Public Health Event Preparedness and Response in the WHO African Region. Brazzaville: World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa.
Zurück zum Zitat Anonymous. 2014. First Response, Revisited. Nature 513: 459. Anonymous. 2014. First Response, Revisited. Nature 513: 459.
Zurück zum Zitat Baize, Sylvain, Delphine Pannetier, Lisa Oestereich, Toni Rieger, Lamine Koivogui, N’Faly Magassouba, Barre Soropogui, Mamadou S. Sow, Sakoba Keita, Hilde De Clerck, Amanda Tiffany, Gemma Dominguez, Mathieu Loua, Alexis Traoré, Moussa Kolié, Emmanuel R. Malano, Emmanuel Heleze, Anne Bocquin, Stephane Mély, Herve Raoul, Valerie Caro, Daniel Cadar, Martin Gabriel, Meike Pahlmann, Dennis Tappe, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, Benido Impouma, Abdoul K. Diallo, Pierre Formenty, Michel Van Herp, and Stephan Günther. 2014. Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea. New England Journal of Medicine 371 (15): 1418–1425.CrossRef Baize, Sylvain, Delphine Pannetier, Lisa Oestereich, Toni Rieger, Lamine Koivogui, N’Faly Magassouba, Barre Soropogui, Mamadou S. Sow, Sakoba Keita, Hilde De Clerck, Amanda Tiffany, Gemma Dominguez, Mathieu Loua, Alexis Traoré, Moussa Kolié, Emmanuel R. Malano, Emmanuel Heleze, Anne Bocquin, Stephane Mély, Herve Raoul, Valerie Caro, Daniel Cadar, Martin Gabriel, Meike Pahlmann, Dennis Tappe, Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit, Benido Impouma, Abdoul K. Diallo, Pierre Formenty, Michel Van Herp, and Stephan Günther. 2014. Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea. New England Journal of Medicine 371 (15): 1418–1425.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Barnett, Michael, and Martha Finnemore. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Barnett, Michael, and Martha Finnemore. 2004. Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Burci, Gian L., and Claude-Henri Vignes. 2004. The World Health Organization. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Burci, Gian L., and Claude-Henri Vignes. 2004. The World Health Organization. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Zurück zum Zitat Butler, Declan. 2009. Swine Flu Goes Global: New Influenza Virus Tests Pandemic Emergency Preparedness. Nature 458: 1082–1083.CrossRef Butler, Declan. 2009. Swine Flu Goes Global: New Influenza Virus Tests Pandemic Emergency Preparedness. Nature 458: 1082–1083.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cash, Richard, and Vasant Narasimhan. 2000. Impediments to Global Surveillance of Infectious Diseases: Consequences of Open Reporting in a Global Economy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78 (11): 1358–1367. Cash, Richard, and Vasant Narasimhan. 2000. Impediments to Global Surveillance of Infectious Diseases: Consequences of Open Reporting in a Global Economy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78 (11): 1358–1367.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, Jon. 2009b. Out of Mexico? Scientists Ponder Swine Flu’s Origins. Science 324 (5928): 700–703.CrossRef Cohen, Jon. 2009b. Out of Mexico? Scientists Ponder Swine Flu’s Origins. Science 324 (5928): 700–703.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen, Deborah, and Philip Carter. 2010. WHO and the Pandemic Flu “Conspiracies”. British Medical Journal 340 (7789): 1274–1279. Cohen, Deborah, and Philip Carter. 2010. WHO and the Pandemic Flu “Conspiracies”. British Medical Journal 340 (7789): 1274–1279.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies, Sara, Adam Kamradt-Scott, and Simon Rushton. 2015. Disease Diplomacy: International Norms and Global Health Security. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Davies, Sara, Adam Kamradt-Scott, and Simon Rushton. 2015. Disease Diplomacy: International Norms and Global Health Security. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Ebola Response Team, W.H.O. 2014. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa—The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. New England Journal of Medicine 371 (16): 1481–1495.CrossRef Ebola Response Team, W.H.O. 2014. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa—The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. New England Journal of Medicine 371 (16): 1481–1495.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Flynn, Paul. 2010. The Handling of the H1N1 Pandemic: More Transparency Needed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Flynn, Paul. 2010. The Handling of the H1N1 Pandemic: More Transparency Needed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly.
Zurück zum Zitat GHRF Commission. 2016. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine. GHRF Commission. 2016. The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine.
Zurück zum Zitat Godlee, Fiona. 1994. The World Health Organization: WHO in Crisis. British Medical Journal 309 (6966): 1424–1428.CrossRef Godlee, Fiona. 1994. The World Health Organization: WHO in Crisis. British Medical Journal 309 (6966): 1424–1428.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gostin, Lawrence O. 2015a. Reforming the World Health Organization After Ebola. JAMA 313 (14): 1407–1408.CrossRef Gostin, Lawrence O. 2015a. Reforming the World Health Organization After Ebola. JAMA 313 (14): 1407–1408.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2015b. A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: Robust National Health Systems at the Foundation and an Empowered WHO at the Apex. The Lancet 385 (9980): 1902–1909.CrossRef ———. 2015b. A Retrospective and Prospective Analysis of the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: Robust National Health Systems at the Foundation and an Empowered WHO at the Apex. The Lancet 385 (9980): 1902–1909.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gostin, Lawrence O., Oyewale Tomori, Suwit Wibulpolprasert, Ashish Jha, Julio Frenk, Surie Moon, Joy Phumaphi, Peter Piot, Barbara Stocking, Victor Dzau, and Gabriel Leung. 2016. Toward a Common Secure Future: Four Global Commissions in the Wake of Ebola. PLoS Medicine 13 (5): 1–15.CrossRef Gostin, Lawrence O., Oyewale Tomori, Suwit Wibulpolprasert, Ashish Jha, Julio Frenk, Surie Moon, Joy Phumaphi, Peter Piot, Barbara Stocking, Victor Dzau, and Gabriel Leung. 2016. Toward a Common Secure Future: Four Global Commissions in the Wake of Ebola. PLoS Medicine 13 (5): 1–15.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kamradt-Scott, Adam. 2015. Managing Global Health Security: The World Health Organization and Disease Outbreak Control. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef Kamradt-Scott, Adam. 2015. Managing Global Health Security: The World Health Organization and Disease Outbreak Control. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2016. WHO’s to blame? The World Health Organization and the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Third World Quarterly 37 (3): 401–418.CrossRef ———. 2016. WHO’s to blame? The World Health Organization and the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Third World Quarterly 37 (3): 401–418.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kamradt-Scott, Adam, Sophie Harman, Clare Wenham, and Frank Smith. 2015. Saving Lives: The Civil-Military Response to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Sydney: University of Sydney. Kamradt-Scott, Adam, Sophie Harman, Clare Wenham, and Frank Smith. 2015. Saving Lives: The Civil-Military Response to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Sydney: University of Sydney.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz, Rebecca, and Julie Fischer. 2010. The Revised International Health Regulations: A Framework for Global Pandemic Response. Global Health Governance 3 (2): 1–18. Katz, Rebecca, and Julie Fischer. 2010. The Revised International Health Regulations: A Framework for Global Pandemic Response. Global Health Governance 3 (2): 1–18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kikwete, Jakaya, Celso Amorim, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Marty Natalegawa, Joy Phumaphi, and Rajiv Shah. 2016. Protecting Humanity from Future Health Crises: Report of the High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises. New York: United Nations. Kikwete, Jakaya, Celso Amorim, Micheline Calmy-Rey, Marty Natalegawa, Joy Phumaphi, and Rajiv Shah. 2016. Protecting Humanity from Future Health Crises: Report of the High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises. New York: United Nations.
Zurück zum Zitat Moon, Surie, Devi Sridhar, Muhammad Pate, Ashish Jha, Chelsea Clinton, Sophie Delaunay, Valnora Edwin, Mosoka Fallah, David P. Fidler, Laurie Garrett, Eric Goosby, Lawrence O. Gostin, David P. Heymann, Kelley Lee, Gabriel Leung, Stephen Morrison, Jorge Saavedra, Marcel Tanner, Jennifer Leigh, Ben Hawkins, Liana Woskie, and Peter Piot. 2015. Will Ebola Change the Game? Ten Essential Reforms Before the Next Pandemic: The Report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola. The Lancet 386 (10009): 2204–2221.CrossRef Moon, Surie, Devi Sridhar, Muhammad Pate, Ashish Jha, Chelsea Clinton, Sophie Delaunay, Valnora Edwin, Mosoka Fallah, David P. Fidler, Laurie Garrett, Eric Goosby, Lawrence O. Gostin, David P. Heymann, Kelley Lee, Gabriel Leung, Stephen Morrison, Jorge Saavedra, Marcel Tanner, Jennifer Leigh, Ben Hawkins, Liana Woskie, and Peter Piot. 2015. Will Ebola Change the Game? Ten Essential Reforms Before the Next Pandemic: The Report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola. The Lancet 386 (10009): 2204–2221.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oestreich, Joel, ed. 2012a. International Organizations as Self-Directed Actors: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Routledge. Oestreich, Joel, ed. 2012a. International Organizations as Self-Directed Actors: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2012b. Introduction. In International Organizations as Self-Directed Actors: A Framework for Analysis, ed. Joel Oestreich, 1–26. New York: Routledge. ———. 2012b. Introduction. In International Organizations as Self-Directed Actors: A Framework for Analysis, ed. Joel Oestreich, 1–26. New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Ottersen, Trygve, Steven Hoffman, and Gaelle Groux. 2016. Ebola Again Shows the International Health Regulations Are Broken: What Can Be Done Differently to Prepare for the Next Epidemic? American Journal of Law & Medicine 42: 356–392.CrossRef Ottersen, Trygve, Steven Hoffman, and Gaelle Groux. 2016. Ebola Again Shows the International Health Regulations Are Broken: What Can Be Done Differently to Prepare for the Next Epidemic? American Journal of Law & Medicine 42: 356–392.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schermers, Henry, and Niels Blokker. 2003. International Institutional Law. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff. Schermers, Henry, and Niels Blokker. 2003. International Institutional Law. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
Zurück zum Zitat SooHoo, Christine. 2010. WHO to Revise Definition of Pandemic Phases Amidst 2009 H1N1 Pandemic. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 8 (2): 117–118. SooHoo, Christine. 2010. WHO to Revise Definition of Pandemic Phases Amidst 2009 H1N1 Pandemic. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science 8 (2): 117–118.
Zurück zum Zitat Stocking, Barbara, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfun, Faisal Shuaib, Carmencita Alberto-Banatin, Julio Frenk, and Ilona Kickbusch. 2015. Report of the Ebola Interim Assessment Panel. Geneva: World Health Organization. Stocking, Barbara, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfun, Faisal Shuaib, Carmencita Alberto-Banatin, Julio Frenk, and Ilona Kickbusch. 2015. Report of the Ebola Interim Assessment Panel. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. 1999a. Influenza Pandemic Plan: The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO. 1999a. Influenza Pandemic Plan: The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 1999b. Looking Ahead for WHO After a Year of Change: Statement by the Director-General to the Fifty-Second World Health Assembly. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 1999b. Looking Ahead for WHO After a Year of Change: Statement by the Director-General to the Fifty-Second World Health Assembly. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2005. WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan: The Role of WHO and Recommendations for National Measures Before and During Pandemics. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2005. WHO Global Influenza Preparedness Plan: The Role of WHO and Recommendations for National Measures Before and During Pandemics. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2009b. New Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infections: Global Surveillance Summary, May 2009. Weekly Epidemiological Record 84 (20): 173–178. ———. 2009b. New Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Infections: Global Surveillance Summary, May 2009. Weekly Epidemiological Record 84 (20): 173–178.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2009c. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response: A WHO Guidance Document. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2009c. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response: A WHO Guidance Document. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2009d. Summary Report of a High-Level Consultation: New Influenza A (H1N1). Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2009d. Summary Report of a High-Level Consultation: New Influenza A (H1N1). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2011. Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005): Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2011. Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005): Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2013. Evolution of a Pandemic: A(H1N1) 2009, April 2009-August 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2013. Evolution of a Pandemic: A(H1N1) 2009, April 2009-August 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2015b. Sixty-Eighth World Health Assembly, 18–26 May 2015: Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2015b. Sixty-Eighth World Health Assembly, 18–26 May 2015: Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2016a. Health Emergencies: WHO Response in Severe, Large-Scale Emergencies: Report by the Director-General. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2016a. Health Emergencies: WHO Response in Severe, Large-Scale Emergencies: Report by the Director-General. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2016b. Strengthening Health Security by Implementing the International Health Regulations (2005). The Review Committee on the Role of the International Health Regulations (2005) in the Ebola Outbreak and Response. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2016b. Strengthening Health Security by Implementing the International Health Regulations (2005). The Review Committee on the Role of the International Health Regulations (2005) in the Ebola Outbreak and Response. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2016c. Reform of WHO’s Work in Health Emergency Management: WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Report by the Director-General. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2016c. Reform of WHO’s Work in Health Emergency Management: WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Report by the Director-General. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2017. The Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization. ———. 2017. The Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat Wibulpolprasert, Suwit, and Mustaque Chowdhury. 2016. World Health Organization: Overhaul or Dismantle? American Journal of Public Health 106 (11): 1910–1911.CrossRef Wibulpolprasert, Suwit, and Mustaque Chowdhury. 2016. World Health Organization: Overhaul or Dismantle? American Journal of Public Health 106 (11): 1910–1911.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat ———. 2011. Specific Trade Concerns: Note by the Secretariat: Addendum: Issues Not Considered in 2010. Geneva: World Trade Organization. ———. 2011. Specific Trade Concerns: Note by the Secretariat: Addendum: Issues Not Considered in 2010. Geneva: World Trade Organization.
Metadaten
Titel
What Went Wrong? The World Health Organization from Swine Flu to Ebola
verfasst von
Adam Kamradt-Scott
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68173-3_9