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Erschienen in:
Persian Literature, World Literature Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Writing for His Shadow

verfasst von : Omid Azadibougar

Erschienen in: World Literature and Hedayat’s Poetics of Modernity

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

This chapter presents a career-oriented and chronological biography of Sadegh Hedayat to historically locate his work and list his literary creations. Since this study makes the case for the necessity of broadening the critical horizon to study the diversity of Hedayat’s creations as a historical development of ideas and genres, this chapter uses the chronological narrative to display how reading his work in light of a few clichéd biographical ideas is insufficient for appreciating an intellectual development that is a major clue to understanding Iranian literary modernity. Hedayat did not theorize his ideas and only occasionally reflected on aspects of his work (e.g., on translations or folklore); so, this approach is a step toward a new and theoretical look at his literary career.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Persian Literature, World Literature
Nächstes Kapitel Contested Canonization
Fußnoten
1
The school was established as part of modernization measures with the aim of training skilled workers in technical fields.
 
2
Personal conversation with Jahangir Hedayat.
 
3
Prime Minister during the second Pahlavi era (1941–1979) and assassinated by a member of an Islamist movement.
 
4
Postcard dated 8 August 1926.
 
5
Postcard dated 21 August 1926.
 
6
Postcard dated 6 September, 1926.
 
7
There are many mentions of money problems in his correspondences, in particular with his brother Issa who was also a student in France at the time. According to the latter’s diary, “lack of [enough] money is becoming difficult, I should think of something” (Hedayat 2016, 104).
 
8
The Persian word he uses is hammal, which has negative connotations and it is used to refer to and denigrate blue-collar laborers.
 
9
Letter to Taqi Razavi, dated 26 February 1929.
 
10
Jahangir Hedayat mentions that his father, Issa, had at one point talked to the family to pave the way for their marriage. Hedayat skipped the idea, however.
 
11
The authenticity of the postcard is doubted, however: It is not clear who possesses it or how they came to own it; in addition, as the writer says the postcard is not dated, which is peculiar.
 
12
Though in a letter to Minovi, dated 16 February 1937, Hedayat writers: “in addition, I intend to do business and also get married” (Baharluiyan and Esmaeli 2000, 255). He may have had a romantic relationship there, but nothing is known about it.
 
13
Postcard dated 3 May 1928.
 
14
The piece they listened to was performed by Jacques Tibaud. Hedayat claims that even Tchaikovsky would have applauded him for the performance.
 
15
Jahangir Hedayat possesses the two images but for a variety of reasons, including potential damage to Hedayat’s public image in a conservative culture, the images have remained unpublished to date.
 
16
Letter to Taqi Razavi, dated 31 January 1931.
 
17
The original title imitates books and treatises written by classically trained writers and is in Arabic for comic effects. The words suggest a serious subject but the report falsifies the promise. A Latin translation of the title might reflect the comic aspect better.
 
18
Nothing has been written on Hedayat’s translations or the work of other creative authors who translated literature as well. Close readings of translated texts would be a fruitful way of looking at whether, how, and to what extent translated literature had an influence, if at all, on his original writing.
 
19
Even though the author does not answer the questions explicitly, his analyses seem to suggest that this is indeed the case.
 
20
Obviously, this was essential to support himself financially, a main reason his aristocratic background is an overestimation. The fact that his works did not sell much and the culture industry as such did not exist is also important because the formation of the way the field of culture was shaped barred him from finding employment in a relevant field. Hedayat was aware of this disadvantage and mentioned it in a satirical piece (see Chapter 6).
 
21
Letter to Minovi, dated 12 February 1937.
 
22
In a letter to Minovi, dated 11 February 1936, he writes: “I turned everything I had in this mortal world into cash, [which was] consisted of a few torn books I had bought one by one during my days of ignorance as well as everything I had published; they amounted to a chiffre astronomique [originally in French] … your mouth is watering, not bad money, eh?” (Baharluiyan and Esmaeli 2000, 247).
 
23
Letter to Minovi, dated 27 June 1937. Apparently, Minovi sympathized with Nazis at the time and Hedayat criticizes him: “I spit in both Hitler’s and Gobbles’ faces.” The experience of nationalism in Europe may have had an impact on his change of opinion.
 
24
Letter to Minovi, dated 12 February 1937.
 
25
The details are mentioned in a letter to Minovi dated 27 June 1937, after his trip to Mysore and Bangalore.
 
26
Letter to Minovi, dated 12 February 1937.
 
27
Letter dated 26 June 1937.
 
28
Latter dated 19 August 1948.
 
29
Vercors’ real name was Jean Marcel Bruller but he wrote under the pseudonym to protect himself from Nazi persecution (Wikipedia).
 
30
Titled in English as Adventures in Bokhara, it was based on a novel by Leonid Solovyov, directed by Yakov Protazanov in 1943 (IMDb).
 
31
Letter dated 18 August 1948.
 
32
Letter dated 19 October 1948.
 
33
Letter to Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh, dated 26 February 1951.
 
34
He was accompanied by a number of cultural figures, including the chancellor of the University of Tehran. The invitation seems to have been occasioned by the 25th anniversary of the founding of Tashkent University and, according to different sources, through either the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences or the Iran-USSR Friendship Association.
 
35
This book has been published in the Iranian market under a different title as well: Karevan-e Eslam (The Caravan of Islam). In Hedayat’s own correspondence, however, this title is not used or mentioned.
 
Literatur
Ahmadzadeh, Habib. 1394 (= 2015). Goftegu ba Sayeh: Ya Buf-e Kur Cheguneh Sakhteh va Pardakhteh Shod (Talking with a Shadow: Or How The Blind Owl Came to Be). Tehran: Sureh Mehr.
Aryanpour, Yahya. 1380 (= 2001). Zendegi va Asar-e Hedayat (The Life and Works of Hedayat). Tehran: Zavvar.
Baharlu, Mohammad, ed. 1372 (= 1993). Majmu’eh-i az Asar-e Sadegh Hedayat (A Collection of Sadegh Hedayat’s Works). Tehran: Tarh-e Nou.
Baharlu, Mohammad, ed. 1374 (= 1995). Nameh-ha-ye Sadegh Hedayat (The Letters of Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Uja.
Baharluiyan, Shahram, and Fathollah Esmaeli, eds. 1379 (= 2000). Shenakht-nameh Sadegh Hedayat (A Book for Knowing Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Qatreh.
Chahid-Nouraï, Behzad Noël, ed. 1379 (= 2000). Hashtad-o do Nameh beh Hassan Chahid Nouraï (Eighty-Two Letters to Hassan Chahid-Nouraï). Introduction by Naser Pakdaman. Paris: Cheshm-Andaz.
Dehbashi, Ali, ed. 1380 (= 2001). Yad-e Sadegh Hedayat (In Memory of Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Sales.
Farzaneh, M. F. 1372 (= 1993). Ashenayi ba Sadegh Hedayat (Getting to Know Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz.
Ghaemian, Hassan, ed. 1394 (= 2015). Neveshteh-ha-ye Parakandeh-ye Sadegh Hedayat (Sadegh Hedayat’s Scattered Works). Tehran: Nashr-e Sales.
Habibi-Azad, Nahid. 1386 (= 2007). Ketab-shenasi Sadegh Hedayat (The Bibliography of Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Qatreh.
Hedayat, Jahangir, ed. 1381 (= 2003). Ahuy-e Tanha: Majmu’eh Naqqashi-ha-ye Sadegh Hedayat (The Lonely Gazelle: Collection of Sadegh Hedayat’s Paintings). Tehran: Nazar Research and Cultural Institute.
Hedayat, Jahangir, ed. 1389 (= 2010). Shenakht-nameh Sadegh Hedayat (A Book for Knowing Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Cheshmeh.
Hedayat, Jahangir, ed. 1394 (= 2015). Az Marz-e Enzeva: Majmu’eh Kart Postal-ha-ye Hedayat (From Frontiers of Solitude: A Collection of Hedayat’s Postcards). Tehran: Ketab-e Aban.
Hedayat, Jahangir, ed. 1395 (= 2016). Dar Pas Kucheh-ha-ye Paris: Khaterat-e Issa Hedayat (In the Alleys of Paris: Issa Hedayat’s Diary). Tehran: Puyandeh.
Jamshidi, Esmaeil. 1395 (= 2016). Khodkoshi-ye Sadegh Hedayat (The Suicide of Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Nashr-e Elm.
Katirai, Mahmud. 1349 (= 1970). Ketab-e Sadegh Hedayat (The Book of Sadegh Hedayat). Tehran: Entesharat-e Ashrafi and Farzin.
Metadaten
Titel
Writing for His Shadow
verfasst von
Omid Azadibougar
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Buch
World Literature and Hedayat’s Poetics of Modernity

Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1690-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-1691-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1691-7_2