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2022 | Buch

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Yearbook of Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy 2021

Technical, Economic and Legal Framework

herausgegeben von: Walter Frenz, Axel Preuße

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Yearbook of Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy - Technical, Economic and Legal Framework

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book is at the center of the UN goals of combining environment and economic development with new technologies.First, sustainability in mining is defined as a process of transformation. This is followed by an outlook on the aspects of safety, economy, environmental impact and digital transformation. The book includes a discussion of new aspects such as the problem of liability for mining damages regarding climate change in Peru. Specific technical issues in smart mining are covered as well, such as underground localization systems based on ultra-wide band radio and inertial navigation, or the use of thermal imaging for roof crack detection. In addition, the characterization of material flows, subsurface hydrogen-storage systems and the prediction of mining induced subsidence and uplift are dealt with.The Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy Yearbook is not only aimed at researchers professionals, but at all who want to get an overview of the important technical and legal topics in this field.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Role of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and of the European Green Deal in View of the Mining and Energy Sector

Abstract

In 2015, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, containing 17 key goals. The achievement of these goals is being promoted at different levels and through various political agendas. A selection of these goals will be examined with respect to the mining and energy sector. Possible consequences for the industry, especially potential contributions to the achievement of these goals, are discussed. The increasing digital transformation and automation of mining processes (Smart Mining), the design of the energy transition to renewables as well as the coupling of existing infrastructure with new forms of use in a holistic approach will play an essential role. Since the objectives of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are far-reaching but not legally binding, special attention is also paid to the European Green Deal of the European Commission for 2019 to 2024. Planned measures and potential effects are outlined. Finally, possible contributions of the academic sector are presented by examples of a new cooperation of the RWTH Aachen University.

Walter Frenz, Axel Preuße, Malte J. M. Gurgel

Industry 4.0 in Mining

Abstract

Industry 4.0 offers many chances but brings juridical problems. First, there exists the problem of data protection. Since the General Data Protection Regulation has come into force in May 2018, companies are confronted with a new issue: How to protect employees who work with data? Another problem is not solved completely: How to protect companies against cyberattacks? How can data interchanges be handled? How can conflicts with applicable law be avoided? Second, there follow challenges from Industry 4.0 concerning the competition law: Corporate employees and representatives of companies who operate within the same sector take part in the same conferences and often have a professional exchange about specific challenges of their branch. Sometimes, these exchanges lead to further business cooperations. Do legal consequences arise from these cooperations as challenges relating to competition law? A question of competition law is also whether there is a right to use the platform or cloud of another strong enterprise. Third: To which company do data belong? What about the relevance of developments of new production methods? How can an enterprise avoid the loss of ownership of data? All these questions will be answered by taking the specific challenges of mining into consideration.

Walter Frenz

Mine Sustainability in Mining Understood as a Process of Transformation

Abstract

The concept of sustainability has been implicitly present in different historical milestones, mainly through economic thought, which expressed its concerns regarding the availability of resources, their use and distribution, understood at every moment by economic thinkers.

Gustavo Aristizabal H., Jeison Alejandro Delgado Jimenez, Oscar Jaime Restrepo Baena

Sustainable Smart Mining: Safe, Economical, Environmental Friendly, Digital

Abstract

The future of the extractive industry will be increasingly safer and more efficient. It will be more economical and highly environmental-friendly. It will be digitalized. In the title you can dress the future of the global commodities industry. When the global smart-mining-market generated a revenue of US$5.328 million in 2014, it is expected to reach a market value of US$15.837 million by 2022 with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 14.9%. This publication consists of three sections. After a brief description of the development in German underground coal mining follows: (a) the first trials to introduce an environmentally important e-mobility system for increasingly overcrowded cities; and (b) current best practice examples from the extractive raw materials industry are shown.

Peter v. Hartlieb-Wallthor, Roland Hecken, Sebastian-F. Kowitz, Michael Suciu, Manfred Ziegler

Mining Damage Liability for Climate Change in Peru?

Abstract

First published in ‘Jahrbuch des Umwelt- und Technikrechts 2018’; original title: ‘Bergschadenshaftung für den Klimawandel in Peru?’

Walter Frenz

China Power: Status Energy, Economy, Environment

Abstract

With a population of nearly 1.4 billion, this country has a total area of 9,562,910 km² and coasts with a total length of 14,500 km (see Figs. 1 and 2). This area is approximately 26.8 times the size of Germany. This makes China the largest country in Asia and the fourth-largest country in the world. The country has around 5000 islands, some of them uninhabited. The country borders directly on 15 neighbouring countries: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Hong Kong, India, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Macau, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Vietnam. The distance between Berlin and the capital city of Beijing is approximately 7370 km. China is expanding its global influence during the global virus crisis. On 22 May 2020, the more than 3000 delegates to the National People’s Congress in Beijing congregated in the Great Hall of the People on Tiananmen Square.

Peter v. Hartlieb-Wallthor

Russia 2020: Responsible Raw Material Supply, Raw Material Policy and Sustainability

Abstract

Russia is unfortunately still in a phase of continued economic stagnation. At the same time, in the ‘Doing Business’ ranking, the country rose from a rank of 112 in 2012 to 92 in 2013, 64 in 2014 and 28 in 2020. At around 10% of GDP, sovereign debt in Russia remains relatively moderate.

Peter v. Hartlieb-Wallthor

Optimization of an Underground Localization System Based on Ultra-Wideband Radio and Inertial Navigation Through Determination and Evaluation of Influencing Factors

Abstract

Indoor positioning systems express an increasing demand within the growing automated industry as well as the desire to move autonomous vehicles in areas dangerous to humans like the mining industry. Since the extraction in underground mines takes place in deeper levels and the environmental conditions are more challenging, autonomous machines are seen as a way to increase efficiency and work safety. Hereby the personnel are moved from potentially dangerous situations in the underground environment to operate remotely. The fundamental requirements for these operations are accurate position information of the equipment in the underground mines. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is not available inside the buildings or mines, as no direct line of sight can be established with the satellites. Therefore, there is a strong need for robust and accurate positioning systems in underground environments. The Institute for Advanced Mining Technologies (AMT) of RWTH Aachen University has conducted research in different underground positioning technologies. As a result of this research, the application of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio technology has proven auspicious regarding the localization of mobile machine equipment in harsh underground mining conditions.

Pascal Kriegsch, Fabian Uth, Amir Ehsan Kianfar, M. Junga, R. Baltes, E. Clausen

Roof Crack Detection & Face Material Characterization Via Thermal Imaging

Abstract

In the minds of many people, underground mining is often associated with dusty, dirty, dark, and dangerous working environment. Indeed, miners often must work under difficult environmental conditions, while dealing with heavy-duty equipment and transporting bulk materials in partly unpredictable situations. To increase safety and productivity of a mining operation, the digitalization and automation of certain mining processes is of critical importance. However, due to the uncertainty and incompleteness of information combined with the fact that relevant information, which is necessary for process automation, might often only be captured visually or by operators’ experience and lab measurements and is therefore either not available for automation at all or only with time delay, mine automation is facing a variety of challenges.

Tobias Wendel-Eichholz, Ralph Baltes, Tobias Mathiak, Thomas Andreßen, Elisabeth Clausen

Resource Model Updating and Optimization for Real-Time Mining

Abstract

Digital technologies increasingly determine our day to day life and industrial production processes. Buzzwords, such as digital disruption or Industry 4.0, define the themes of conferences, major research programs, and technical development in many enterprises. These promote the use of sensor technology combined with smart data analytics and predictive modelling to derive faster relevant information in a connected world. The general goal is to provide relevant and reliable information from sensors to control options and, in this way, support an intelligent decision-making process. Our world is equipped with an enormous amount of sensors. Examples include positioning sensors, accelerometer, gyroscopes and RGB Cameras in mobile phones, distance measuring scanners in cars, satellite data, and many more. It is expected that in a few years, most parts of our world will be mapped or scanned by sensors several times daily. Updates about changes, detected by sensors, will be available in short time intervals, nearly in real-time.

Jörg Benndorf

Development of a Data Fusion Model for Material Flow Characterization Using the Example of Gypsum and Anhydrite

Abstract

Gypsum is one of the oldest building materials. The most important raw material for gypsum production is naturally gypsum rock, which often occurs in common deposits with anhydrite. After extraction, both materials are transported together on a conveyor belt. To ensure a high product quality, a continuous and comprehensive analysis of this material flow is important. Both the Infrared Thermography and the Acoustic Emission Technology are suitable sensor technologies for developing an inline measurement system. Furthermore, they can be combined using the principles of data fusion. With characteristic parameters based on both technologies, different variations of a Naïve Bayes Classifier were developed to assign the material flow to one of eleven pre-defined categories, which represent the composition of the material flow. These models were evaluated and compared to identify the settings for a Naïve Bayes Classifier and to identify aspects for improving the model. For all variants of splitting the data, the classification accuracy was higher than 90%.

Alexandra Radl, Ralph Baltes, Elisabeth Clausen

Blue Nodules: Use of Acoustic Emission Technology for an Inline Characterisation of Hydraulic Material Streams

Abstract

A major global political issue and a raw materials policy priority of the European Union is securing reliable and sustainable long-term access to raw materials. This endeavour is based on the trends in population growth, increasing prosperity, technical progress and the resulting increasing demand for raw materials. Consequently, increasingly complex deposits are moving into focus to meet the global demand for rare raw materials.

Sunny Schoone, Tobias Vraetz, Ralph Baltes, Elisabeth Clausen

Blue Mining

Abstract

Blue mining is the holistic approach to define responsible mining by reaching beyond the extraction of raw materials and utilizing the amenities of the mines during and after production based on an early-stage planning approach. Thus, a sound, save, and ergonomic mine practice is defined that maximizes the positive effects of mining while minimizing negative impacts by the early but constant development of multiuse. Incorporating those principles, blue mining stands for a completely new stage of mine planning because these aspects must be planned at the earliest stage of the mine life.

Oliver Langefeld, Angela Binder

Towards Incorporating Extended Reality Technology in the Education of Mining Professionals

Abstract

Extended reality (XR) technology in the pedagogy of the education of mining professionals such as mining engineers and mine surveyors is critical in the development of an education programme that will provide graduates with a competitive edge at the dawn of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Virtual reality (VR) technologies have been introduced with varying degrees of success at some mining companies and universities in South Africa. To develop graduates who have an integrated understanding of the mining environment, university students are expected to complete several facilitated tours to mining operations during their studies. These visits and practical exposure for students are constrained by safety regulations, venue capacity and the goodwill of industry partners. It is argued that VR technology can support and enhance the learning experience of students and provide insights that would normally only be experienced through physical exposure to the mining environment.

A review of how the various forms of VR technologies which are incorporated into training syllabi was made to identify successes and failures to develop a viable strategy in the deployment of VR technology in the support of undergraduate education of mining professionals at the University of Johannesburg. A mixed reality (MR), digital-twin simulacrum that combines a physical training mine environment with VR experiences is being developed in the university’s mining campus. The learnings gleaned from this research will be used to develop a successful model for incorporating virtual reality into a physical mining environment to establish the foundations for a fully integrated mixed reality environment.

Hendrik Grobler, Etienne van Wyk

Prediction of Mining-Induced Surface Subsidence and Uplifts in Germany

Abstract

At the end of the nineteenth century, regional disruption of the water run-off capability due to hard coal mining subsidence in the area of the Emscher River, Ruhr district, Germany, and the resulting flooding led to epidemics, diseases and perturbance of the economic development. Subsequently mining subsidence research was intensified. This paper describes historical as well as contemporary prediction methods to show how research efforts developed. The illustrations emphasize the prediction procedures employing influence functions. In the German hard coal mining industry, this type of subsidence prediction was most widely applied.

Since the end of 2018, the hard coal industry in Germany is history, but residual effects of deep coal mining as well as hazards in the range of surface-near mining, which was abandoned many decades ago, are still to be expected. In this regard, the prediction of surface uplifts due to mine water rebound is prominent as a present research field. Based on the influence function of the RAG method and additionally employing the elastic approach of Hooke, this paper exemplifies an approach to calculate expectable surface uplifts as well.

Anton Sroka, Axel Preuße, Heinz-Jürgen Kateloe

Yearbook Energy2020: Economy 4.0—Aspects of a Future Energy System

Abstract

The current debates on the transformation of our global electricity generation system and on climate protection in science, politics, business and society clearly show that the global energy system is facing a profound transformation. Not only global initiatives such as “Fridays for Future” demand compliance with the Paris climate protection agreement of the United Nations, but also the former American vice president and environmental activist Al Gore, e.g., in his films “An Inconvenient Truth (2006)” and “An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power (2017)” for combating climate change. The breadth of the discussion is also evident in the encyclical “Laudato Si” by Pope Francis from 2015. “The climate is a common good of all for everyone. (… .) Humanity is called to be aware of the need to make changes in life, production and consumption in order to combat warming or at least the human causes and climate change is one of the most important current challenges for humanity” (Der Heilige Stuhl 2015, p. 23). Further evidence of this is the societal discussions on the exit from nuclear power and coal, the expansion of renewable energies and a CO₂ tax in Germany.

Frank-Michael Baumann, Eckehard Büscher, Stefan Rabe, Georg Unger

Titel: Yearbook of Sustainable Smart Mining and Energy 2021
herausgegeben von: Walter Frenz
Axel Preuße
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-84315-1
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84314-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84315-1