Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Africa’s Secessionism: A Breakdance of Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, and Disenchantment Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Zanzibar in the Tanzania Union

verfasst von : Greg Cameron

Erschienen in: Secessionism in African Politics

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was between two previously existing sovereign states, which in 1964, immediately after the Zanzibar Revolution, adopted a (semi-)federal model of constitutional government. Since 1964, there has been a gradual resurgence of Zanzibari nationalism due to a myriad of factors including the failure to undertake reconciliation, a poor economic record during the single-party period, the regional marginalization of Pemba, the social effects of neo-liberal reforms, regime resistance to reforming the union, and flawed elections, including in 2015. While race, ethnicity, and religion would appear to drive secessionist politics on the islands, the reality is that after half a century, the union as a “lived experience” has not delivered a better life for the majority of Zanzibaris.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Secessionism in Anjouan, Comoros: Internal Dynamics, External Decisions
Nächstes Kapitel The Front(s) for the Liberation of Cabinda in Angola: A Phantom Insurgency
Fußnoten
1
Gray (1963) and Martin (1978).
 
2
Flint (1963).
 
3
Freeman-Grenville (1963: 157).
 
4
Jennings (2011).
 
5
Also known as the “Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty.”
 
6
See Zeller and Melber (2018).
 
7
Flint (1963) and (Martin 1978).
 
8
Jennings (2011).
 
9
Brown (2010: 618).
 
10
Sheriff (1991).
 
11
Lofchie (1965: 53–58).
 
12
Bakari (2001: 47–48) and Flint (1963: 383–384).
 
13
Bakari (2001: 48) and Sheriff (1987).
 
14
Sheriff (1991).
 
15
Lofchie (1965).
 
16
For a firsthand account of an important pan-African initiative seeking to forge an Afro-Shirazi Party-Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ASP-ZNP) united front, see A. M. Babu (1991: 228).
 
17
Sheriff (1991).
 
18
Cameron (2002b: 41).
 
19
Martin (1978: 58–59).
 
20
Okello eventually disappeared in his native Uganda during the Idi Amin years.
 
21
Clayton (1981: 90, 99).
 
22
Mapuri (1996) and Okello (1973).
 
23
Ayany (1970: 126–127) and Cameron (2004b: 105).
 
24
Bakari (2001: 104–106).
 
25
Cameron (2002b).
 
26
Speller (2007: 294) and Wilson (1989).
 
27
Lofchie (1965: 285–287) and Shivji (1990: 21–22).
 
28
The constitutional divisions of power and three-government arrangement were strikingly similar to the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation of 1952. The failure of the Halie Sellasie regime to enforce the federal provisions unleashed the 30-year Eritrean war of liberation. See G. Cameron (2004a: 41).
 
29
Shivji (1990: 27–28).
 
30
Speller (2007: 293).
 
31
Clayton (1981).
 
32
For a harrowing account of an Umma member who survived Karume’s East-German-trained security services, see T. G. Burgess (2010a).
 
33
From the 1977 merger onwards, I refer to the former ASP as Chama Cha Mapinduzi—“CCM Zanzibar,” the governing party of Zanzibar, and Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) as “CCM Dodoma,” the governing party at the union level.
 
34
Jumbe (1994: 53).
 
35
McHenry (1994: 196).
 
36
Shivji (1990: 56–68).
 
37
For a recent summary, see F. Jjuuko and G. Muruiuki (2010).
 
38
For an in-depth treatment of constitutional and party reforms during this period, see H. Othman and A. Mlimuka (1990, 58–169).
 
39
Othman and Mlimuka (1990: 169).
 
40
Bakari (2001: 121–122).
 
41
See T. G. Burgess (2010b: 430) and Loimeier (2006: 16–17).
 
42
Shao (1993: 84).
 
43
Campbell and Stein (1991).
 
44
A Muslim and Zanzibari, Mwinyi is widely perceived to have gone some way to redressing religious imbalance in the civil service by promoting Muslims in the union government. While to some extent popular in Zanzibar as union President, Mwinyi also presided over the repression of many Zanzibari nationalists during the transition to multiparty politics.
 
45
Brown (2010).
 
46
McHenry (1994: 189–213).
 
47
Maliyamkono (2000: 213–244).
 
48
McHenry (1994: 198).
 
49
Rawlence (2005: 516–517).
 
50
Human Rights Watch (2002).
 
51
Cameron (2009: 164–165).
 
52
Cameron (2009).
 
53
After Mkapa, a mainlander, stepped down, Zanzibaris widely expected that the next union president would be a Zanzibari. The CCM union government said that this was not constitutionally guaranteed. The idea of a constitutionally sanctioned rotating presidency between the two parts of the union was mooted in the constitutional review. See Ibrahim (2012).
 
54
Jennings (2011: 3–4).
 
55
Bakari and Makulilo (2012: 195–218) and Matheson (2012: 594–596).
 
56
Babieya (2011: 94).
 
57
Ibrahim (2012).
 
58
Anyimadu (2016).
 
59
While President Shein rejected the election results on the Isles, he also accepted on the same day, at the same polling stations, the voting results for the union presidential and legislative elections (Branson 2016; Throup 2016).
 
60
In the 2010–2015 HRP, CCM had a total of 48 seats and CUF 33, plus the Attorney General, for a total of 82 seats (ZRG 2016).
 
61
Brown (2010: 628–629).
 
62
Brewin (2016). NCCR-Mageuzi won a seat as did a newer left-leaning party called Alliance for Change and Transparency (ACT).
 
63
John Magufuli, the new union President, won with almost 60% of the vote. Edward Lowassa, his chief rival under the UKAWA banner, and a recent defector from the CCM old guard, garnered close to 40% of the vote.
 
64
Chauvin (2015).
 
65
Brown (2010).
 
66
Many youth, for instance, belong to the post-revolution generation and are more concerned with employment than history lessons. See G. Cameron (2002a).
 
67
Brown (2010: 629, 631).
 
68
Fouere (2012: 672–689), Glassman (2011: 298–299), and Myers (2000: 429–448).
 
69
Recent work on elite narratives and memory is sound but requires greater engagement with critical political economy to give a better picture of the ways in which material forces articulate with public narratives. See Fouere (2012), Loimeir (2006), and Myers (2000).
 
70
Cameron (2004b: 103–119).
 
71
Matheson (2012).
 
72
Dean (2013: 31–32).
 
73
An “investor-led” agricultural strategy is now promoted by the Zanzibar government as the main strategy to tackle the monumental and historical challenges facing agriculture. See Zanzibar Revolutionary Government (2009).
 
74
Brown (2010).
 
75
van Buren (2011: 6).
 
76
Cameron (2002a).
 
77
Cameron (2009: 172).
 
78
Signs of the emergence of political Islam on Zanzibar were discernible in the early 1990s with political liberalization and the decline in the legitimacy of the old radical nationalist system, a trend perhaps not unlike other contexts, including in Arab North Africa. Religious schisms have also become apparent in recent years between Christian and Moslem communities on the mainland itself over the perceived hegemony of the former in politics and the economy. See G. C. van de Bruinhorst (2009: 127–150).
 
79
Cameron (2002a: 313–330).
 
80
Burgess (2010b: 429–450).
 
81
Maghimbi et al. (2011).
 
82
Skocpol (1979: 3).
 
Literatur
Ayany, S. G. (1970). A history of Zanzibar: A study in constitutional development 1934–1964. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.
Babeiya, E. (2011). Multiparty elections and party support in Tanzania. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(1), 83–100.CrossRef
Babu, A. M. (1991). The 1964 Revolution: Lumpen or vanguard? In A. Sheriff & E. Ferguson (Eds.), Zanzibar under colonial rule (pp. 220–248). London: James Currey.
Bakari, M. A. (2001). The democratisation process in Zanzibar: A retarded transition. Hamburg: Institute of African Affairs.
Bakari, M. A., & Makulilo, A. (2012). Beyond polarity in Zanzibar? The ‘silent’ referendum and the government of national unity. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 30(2), 195–218.CrossRef
Brown, A. (2010). Political tensions in Zanzibar: Echoes from the revolution? Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 30(3–4), 615–633.CrossRef
Burgess, T. G. (2010a). Race, revolution, and the struggle for human rights in Zanzibar: The memoirs of Ali Sultan Issa and Seif Sharif Hamad. Athens: Ohio University Press.
Burgess, T. G. (2010b). Memories, myths and meanings of the Zanzibari Revolution. In T. Falola & R. C. Njoku (Eds.), War and peace in Africa (pp. 429–450). Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
Cameron, G. (2002a). Zanzibar’s turbulent transition. Review of African Political Economy, 92, 313–330.CrossRef
Cameron, G. (2002b). Protest and cooperation in post-revolutionary Zanzibar. PhD dissertation, University of London.
Cameron, G. (2004a). Authoritarian federalism in the dock: A historical comparison between the Ethiopia-Eritrea Federation and the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union. Journal of Eritrean Studies, 3(1), 1–25.
Cameron, G. (2004b). Political violence, ethnicity and the agrarian question in Zanzibar. In P. Caplan & F. Topan (Eds.), Swahili modernities culture, politics, and identity on the East Coast of Africa (pp. 103–119). Trenton: Africa World Press.
Cameron, G. (2009). Narratives of democracy and dominance in Zanzibar. In K. Larsen (Ed.), Knowledge, renewal and religion repositioning and changing ideological and material circumstances among the Swahili on the East African Coast (pp. 151–176). Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.
Campbell, H., & Stein, H. (1991). The IMF and Tanzania: The dynamics of liberalization. Harare: SAPES Trust.
Clayton, A. (1981). The Zanzibar revolution and its aftermath. London: Hurst and Co. Ltd.
Dean, E. (2013). ‘The backbone of the village’: Gender, development, and traditional authority in rural Zanzibar. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 31(1), 18–36.CrossRef
Flint, J. (1963). The wider background to partition and colonial occupation. In R. Olivier & G. Mathew (Eds.), History of East Africa (Vol. 1, pp. 352–390). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fouere, M. (2012). Reinterpreting revolutionary Zanzibar in the media today: The case of Dira newspaper. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(4), 672–689.CrossRef
Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1963). The coast, 1498–1840. In R. Olivier & G. Mathew (Eds.), History of East Africa (Vol. 1, pp. 129–168). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Glassman, J. (2011). War of words, war of stones. Racial thought and violence in colonial Zanzibar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gray, J. M. (1963). Zanzibar and the coastal belt 1840–1884. In R. Olivier & G. Mathew (Eds.), History of East Africa (Vol. 1, pp. 212–251). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Human Rights Watch. (2002, April). The bullets were raining. The January 2001 attack on peaceful demonstrators in Zanzibar, 14(3), 1–45.
Jennings, M. (2011). Recent history of Tanzania essay. In I. Frame (Ed.), Africa south of the Sahara (pp. 1–28). London: Routledge.
Jjuuko, F., & Muruiuki, G. (2010). Federation within federation: The Tanzania union experience and the East African integration process, Eastern Africa Centre for Constitutional Development. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
Jumbe, A. (1994). The partner-ship Tanganyika – Zanzibar union: 30 Turbulent Years. Dar es Salaam: Amana Publishers.
Lofchie, M. (1965). Zanzibar background to revolution. London: Oxford University Press.
Loimeier, R. (2006). Memories of revolution patterns of interpretation of the 1964 revolution in Zanzibar. (English version). For German language original version see Memories of revolution: Zur deutungsgeschichte einer revolution (Sansibar 1964). Africa Spectrum, 41, 175–197.
Maghimbi, S., Razack, B., Lokini, B., & Senga M.A. (2011). The agrarian question in Tanzania? A state of the art paper. Current African Issues, 45. Uppsala: Nordiska Africa institutet, and University of Dar es Salaam.
Maliyamkono, T. L. (2000). Zanzibar’s financial benefits from the union. In T. L. Maliyamkono (Ed.), The political plight of Zanzibar (pp. 213–244). Dar es Salaam: Tema Publishers.
Mapuri, O. (1996). The 1964 revolution achievements and prospects. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.
Martin, E. B. (1978). Zanzibar tradition and revolution. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Matheson, A. (2012). Maridhiano: Zanzibar’s remarkable reconciliation and government of national unity. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(4), 591–612.CrossRef
McHenry, D. (1994). Limited choices: The political struggle for socialism in Tanzania. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.CrossRef
Myers, G. A. (2000). Narrative representations of revolutionary Zanzibar. Journal of Historical Geography, 26(3), 429–448.CrossRef
Okello, J. (1973). Revolution in Zanzibar. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
Othman, H., & Mlimuka, A. (1990). Zanzibar’s presidential elections. In H. Othman, I. Bavu, & M. Okema (Eds.), Tanzania democracy in transition (pp. 58–65). Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
Rawlence, B. (2005). Briefing the Zanzibar elections. African Affairs, 104(416), 515–523.CrossRef
Shao, I. F. (1993). The political economy of land reform in Zanzibar. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
Sheriff, A. (1987). Slaves, spices and ivory in Zanzibar integration of an East African commercial empire into the world economy, 1770–1873. London: James Currey.
Sheriff, A. (1991). The peasantry under imperialism. In A. Sheriff & E. Ferguson (Eds.), Zanzibar under colonial rule (pp. 109–140). London: James Currey.
Shivji, I. (1990). The legal foundations of the union in Tanzania’s union and Zanzibar constitutions. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
Skocpol, T. (1979). States and social revolutions: A comparative analysis of France, Russia, & China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Speller, I. (2007). An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 35(2), 283–301.CrossRef
van Buren, L. (2011). Recent history of Tanzania essay. In I. Frame (Ed.), Africa south of the Sahara (pp. 1–28). London: Routledge.
van de Bruinhorst, G. C. (2009). Siku ya Arafa and the Idd el-Hajj: Knowledge, ritual and renewal in Tanzania. In K. Larsen (Ed.), Knowledge, renewal and religion repositioning and changing ideological and material circumstances among the Swahili on the East African Coast (pp. 127–150). Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.
Wilson, A. (1989). US foreign policy and revolution: The creation of Tanzania. London: Pluto Press.
Zanzibar Revolutionary Government. (2009). Zanzibar agricultural transformation for sustainable development, 2010–2020. Retrieved from http://​www.​gafspfund.​org. Accessed 15 Jan 2017.
Zeller, W., & Melber, H. (2018). United in separation? Lozi secessionism in Zambia and Namibia. In L. De Vries, P. Englebert, & M. Schomerus (Eds.), Secessionism in African politics: Aspiration, grievance, performance, disenchantment. New York: Palgrave.
Metadaten
Titel
Zanzibar in the Tanzania Union
verfasst von
Greg Cameron
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Buch
Secessionism in African Politics

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90205-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-90206-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90206-7_7