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Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 2/2013

01.07.2013 | Aufsatz

Finanzpolitik in schweren Zeiten – Eine Fuzzy-Set QCA der konjunkturpolitischen Reaktionen auf die Finanzkrise

verfasst von: Dr. Felix Hörisch

Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft | Ausgabe 2/2013

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Zusammenfassung

Obwohl die OECD-Staaten durch die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008–2010 vor vergleichbaren Herausforderungen standen – wenn auch in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß – haben sie in hohem Maße unterschiedlich auf die Krise reagiert: Viele Staaten verabschiedeten umfangreiche Konjunkturpakete, andere wiederum fuhren auch in der Krise eine restriktive Fiskalpolitik. Auch bei der Zusammensetzung der Konjunkturpakete offenbaren sich fundamentale Unterschiede. Während einige Staaten im Rahmen ihrer Konjunkturpakete vor allem die Staatsausgaben erhöhten, reagierten andere mit deutlichen Steuervergünstigungen und setzten somit auf einen Konjunkturimpuls durch den Verzicht auf Mittel auf der Seite der Staatseinnahmen.
Ziel des Aufsatzes ist es, die treibenden politikwissenschaftlichen Erklärungsfaktoren für diese unterschiedlichen fiskalpolitischen Reaktionen der Jahre 2008–2010 auf die Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise zu identifizieren. Im Fokus des Aufsatzes wird hierbei die Identifikation von polit-ökonomischen Erklärungsfaktoren für den Umfang und die Ausgestaltung der Konjunkturpakete stehen. Als outcome wird sowohl die Varianz des Umfangs als auch die Zusammensetzung der Konjunkturpakete hinsichtlich des Verhältnisses von staatlicher Einnahme- und Ausgabeseite zueinander untersucht.

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1
The sample of this study consists of the 30 states that were members of the OECD during the entire period of the financial crisis. The four countries that acceded the OECD in 2010 (Chile, Slovenia, Israel and Estonia) are not included in the sample.
 
2
In contrast, Cusack and Beramendi (2006) argue that CMEs and LMEs raise different kinds of taxes. While CMEs tend to have higher levels of income taxation, LMEs tend to increase capital and corporate taxes (Cusack and Beramendi 2006 p. 48).
 
3
The values of the conditions were derived from the CPDS-I data set containing data for 23 OECD member countries (Armingeon et al. 2010), the CPDS-III data set (Armingeon et al. 2011) and OECD Statistics (2011). (http://www.oecd.org/document/34/0,3343,en_2649_33927_40917154_1_1_1_1,00.html).
 
4
The calibration of the conditions and the assignment of fuzzy-set values to all countries are outlined in Appendix 1 below.
 
5
As I expect some conditions to have a negative effect on the size of FSP (i.e. the development of the central governmental debt and the national public debt in 2008), I report the results for the complements of the conditions as well.
 
6
The consistency value measures the degree to which the conditions are indeed empirically necessary or sufficient for the outcome. The coverage indicates how much of the outcome can be explained by the conditions, i.e. how relevant the conditions or the conjunctions of conditions are for the outcome (Blatter et al. 2007, p. 225). Blatter et al. (2007) suggest 0.7; 0.75 or 0.8 as an appropriate consistency threshold for sufficiency. For sufficient conditions in fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Ragin (2009, p. 118) as well as Schneider and Wagemann (2012, p. 128) suggest a consistency threshold of 0.75. Usually, the consistency threshold for necessary conditions is higher than for sufficient conditions. So as not to draw any wrong conclusions, I apply a consistency threshold of 0.9 for necessary conditions (compare Schneider and Wagemann 2007, p. 213) and 0.75 for sufficient conditions.
Please keep in mind that * is the logical AND while + is the logical OR in fsQCA notation and ~ marks the inverse value. The results were calculated using the fs/QCA software package (Ragin and Davey 2009).
 
7
What might be problematic when conducting a fsQCA for large fiscal stimulus packages is that 22 out of the 30 countries from our sample applied large fiscal stimulus packages. Accordingly, additional research with more refined measures will have to be performed to determine the robustness of the results in light of the classification underlying the calibration of the outcome.
 
8
Concerning the treatment of the logical remainders the “Standard Analysis” option of the fs/QCA program of Ragin and Davey (2009) as suggested by Ragin (2008) was applied to derive the parsimonious solution. The most parsimonious solution term is the superset of the paths that form the so-called complex or conservative solution (Schneider and Wagemann 2012, pp. 151–193). 14 out of the 32 theoretically possible conjunctions of conditions are empirically realized. Accordingly 18 logical remainders exist. The Table 4 shows the complex solution.
 
9
Some countries in the sample are covered by more than one path of sufficient conjunctions of conditions for large FSPs. In this case, they were reported for each path.
 
10
For the Outcome ’Spending-Focused Fiscal Stimulus Package’ ten out of the 16 theoretically possible conjunctions of conditions are empirically realized. Accordingly, there are six logical remainders. The complex solution is as explained in Table 7.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Finanzpolitik in schweren Zeiten – Eine Fuzzy-Set QCA der konjunkturpolitischen Reaktionen auf die Finanzkrise
verfasst von
Dr. Felix Hörisch
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2013
Verlag
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Erschienen in
Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft / Ausgabe 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1865-2646
Elektronische ISSN: 1865-2654
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-013-0152-y

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