nach oben

Erschienen in:

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Safety Control of Reclaimed Water Use

verfasst von : Xiaochang C. Wang, Chongmiao Zhang, Xiaoyan Ma, Li Luo

Erschienen in: Water Cycle Management

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The reclaimed water is usually used for non-potable purposes such as domestic and environmental uses. As various pollutants residual in the reclaimed water may expose negative impacts on the aquatic systems and human health, safety control of water reuse is an important research topic. This chapter discusses the pollutant source, exposure pathways, dose-response relationships, and risk assessment methods. Attentions are mainly paid to the ecological risk due to exposure to chemical pollutants and human health risk due to exposure to pathogens.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Concepts of Water Cycle Management for Water Reuse System Design

Nächstes Kapitel A Real Case of Water Reuse Through a Water Cycle

Akin EW (1981) Paper presented at the US EPA symposium on microbial health considerations of soil disposal of domestic wastewaters

Allen LM, Briggle TV, Pfaffenberger CD (1982) Absorption and excretion of cyanuric acid in long-distance swimmers. Drug Metab 13(3):499–516

Alturki AA, Tadkaew N, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Price WE, Nghiem LD (2010) Combining MBR and NF/RO membrane filtration for the removal of trace organics in indirect potable water reuse applications. J Membr Sci 365:206–215. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.008

Asano T, Burton FL, Leverenz HL, Tsuchihashi R, Tchobanoglous G (2007) Water reuse: issues, technologies, and applications. Metcalf & Eddy, McGraw-Hill, New York

AWWA (2006) Waterborne pathogens, 2nd edn. American Water Works Association, Denver

Backhaus T, Froehner K, Altenburger R, Grimme LH (1997) Toxicity testing with Vibrio Fischeri: a comparison between the long term (24 h) and the short term (30 min) bioassay. Chemosphere 35(12):2925–2938. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00340-8

Beker VWA, Wolterbeek A, te Brake L, Snel C, Menke A, Rubingh C, de Groot D, Kroese D (2013) A category approach to predicting the developmental (neuro) toxicity of organotin compounds: the value of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryotoxicity test (ZET). Reprod Toxicol 41:35–44. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.06.067

Beker VWA, Snel C, Rijkmans E, de Groot D, Bouma M, Hermsen S, Piersma A, Menke A, Wolterbeek A (2014) Zebrafish embryotoxicity test for developmental (neuro) toxicity: demo case of an integrated screening approach system using anti-epileptic drugs. Reprod Toxicol 49:101–116. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.082

Bernhard AE, Field KG (2000) A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 66(10):4571–4574. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.10.4571-4574.2000

Bitton G (2005) Wastewater microbiology. Wiley, New York

Blankenship AL, Kay DP, Zwiernik MJ, Holem RR, Newsted JL, Hecker M, Giesy JP (2008) Toxicity reference values for mink exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalents (TEQs). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 69(3):325–349. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.08.017

Blostein J (1991) Shigellosis from swimming in a park pond in Michigan. Public Health Rep 106:317–322

Blumenthal UJ, Mara DD, Peasey A, Ruiz PG, Stott R (2000) Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bull WHO 78(9):1104–1116

Boyce TG, Swerdlow DL, Griffin PM (1995) Escherichi coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 333:364–368. doi:10.1056/NEJM199508103330608

Cabeza Y, Candela L, Ronen D, Teijon G (2012) Monitoring the occurrence of emerging contaminants in treated wastewater and groundwater between 2008 and 2010. The Baix Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). J Hazard Mater 239–240(0):32–39. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.032

Caldwell GG, Lindsey NJ, Wulff H, Donnelly DD, Bohl FN (1974) Epidemic with adenovirus type 7 acute conjuctivitis in swimmers. Am J Epidemiol 99:230–234

Camann DE, Moore BE (1988) Viral infections based on clinical sampling at a spray irrigation site. Implementing water reuse. In: Proceedings of water reuse symposium IV. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, pp 847–863

Cavaco SA, Fernandes S, Quina MM, Ferreira LM (2007) Removal of chromium from electroplating industry effluents by ion exchange resins. J Hazard Mater 144(3):634–638. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.087

Chen W, Lu S, Peng C, Jiao W, Wang M (2013) Accumulation of Cd in agricultural soil under long-term reclaimed water irrigation. Environ Pollut 178:294–299. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.036

Chen W, Lu S, Pan N, Wang Y, Wu L (2015) Impact of reclaimed water irrigation on soil health in urban green areas. Chemosphere 119:654–661. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.035

Cliver DO (1985) Vehicular transmission of hepatitis. Annu Rev Publ Health 13:235–292

Couch RB, Cate T, Gerone P, Fleet W, Lang D, Griffith WR, Knight V (1965) Production of illness with a small-particle aerosol of Coxsackie A21. J Clin Invest 44(4):535–542. doi:10.1172/JCI105166

Couch RB, Cate T, Gerone P, Fleet W, Lang D, Griffith WR, Knight V (1966) Production of illness with a small-particle aerosol of Adenovirus type 4. Bact Rev 30:517–528

Craun GF (2012) The importance of waterborne disease outbreak surveillance in the United States. Ann Ist Super Santà 48(4):447–459. doi:10.4415/ANN_12_04_11

Craun GF, Brunkard JM, Yoder JS, Roberts VA, Carpenter J, Wade T, Calderon RL, Roberts JM, Beach MJ, Roy SL (2010) Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006. Clin Microb Rev 2010 23(3):507–528. doi:10.1128/CMR.00077-09

Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (2004) The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82:346–353. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862004000500008

De Koning J, Bixio D, Karabelas A, Salgot M, Schäfer A (2008) Characterisation and assessment of water treatment technologies for reuse. Desalination 218(1):92–104. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.024

Deniz F, Sadhwani JJ, Veza JM (2010) New quality criteria in wastewater reuse—the case of Gran Canaria. Desalination 250:716–722. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.11.029

Dodder NG, Maruya KA, Lee Ferguson P, Grace R, Klosterhaus S, La Guardia MJ, Lauenstein GG, Ramirez J (2014) Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in mussels (Mytilus spp.) along the California coast and the influence of land use, storm water discharge, and treated wastewater effluent. Mar Pollut Bull 81(2):340–346. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.041

Dufour AP, Evans O, Behymer TD, Cantu R (2006) Water ingestion during swimming activities in a pool: a pilot study. J Water Health 4(4):425–430

Dunlap PV (2009) Bioluminescence, microbial. Encyclopedia of microbiology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, Oxford, pp 45–61

Dwight RH, Fernandez LM, Baker DB, Semenza JC, Olson BH (2005) Estimating the economic burden from illnesses associated with recreational water pollution—a case study in Orange County, California. J Environ Manage 76(2):95–103. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.017

Ellis JB (2006) Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in urban receiving waters. Environ Pollut 144:184–189. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.018

Estévez E, Cabrera MdC, Molina DA, Robles MJ, Palacios DM (2012) Screening of emerging contaminants and priority substances (2008/105/EC) in reclaimed water for irrigation and groundwater in a volcanic aquifer (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain). Sci Total Environ 433(0):538–546. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.031

Farré M, Barceló D (2003) Toxicity testing of wastewater and sewage sludge by biosensors, bioassays and chemical analysis. TrAC Trend Anal Chem 22(5):299–310. doi:10.1016/s0165-9936(03)00504-1

Field KG, Samadpour M (2007) Fecal source tracking, the indicator paradigm, and managing water quality. Water Res 41(16):3517–3538. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.056

Fleisher LA (2012) Anesthesia and uncommon diseases, 6th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia

Froehner K, Meyer W, Grimme LH (2002) Time-dependent toxicity in the long-term inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri. Chemosphere 46(7):987–997. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00209-0

Fujioka T, Khan S, Poussade Y, Drewes JE, Nghiem LD (2012) N-nitrosamine removal by reverse osmosis for indirect potable water reuse—a critical review based on observations from laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale studies. Sep Purif Technol 98:503–515. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2012.07.025

Fulladosa E, Murat JC, Martínez M, Villaescusa I (2005) Patterns of metals and arsenic poisoning in vibrio fischeri bacteria. Chemosphere 60(1):43–48. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.026

Gao Y, Lin ZF, Chen R, Wang T, Liu SS, Yao ZF, Yin DQ (2012) Using molecular docking to compare toxicity of reactive chemicals to freshwater and marine luminous bacteria. Mol Inform 31(11–12):809–816. doi:10.1002/minf.201200060

Ge HL, Liu SS, Zhu XW, Liu HL, Wang LJ (2011) Predicting hormetic effects of ionic liquid mixtures on luciferase activity using the concentration addition model. Environ Sci Technol 45(4):1623–1629. doi:10.1021/es1018948

Geldreich EE, Kenner BA (1969) Comments on fecal streptococci in stream pollution. J Water Pollut Control Fed 41:R336–R341

Girotti S, Ferri EN, Fumo MG, Maiolini E (2008) Monitoring of environmental pollutants by bioluminescent bacteria. Anal Chim Acta 608(1):2–29. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.008

Goodbred SL, Bryant WL, Rosen MR, Alvarez D, Spencer T (2009) How useful are the “other” semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs); the mini-unit (15.2 cm long)? Sci Total Environ 407(13):4149–4156. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.037

Guilhermino L, Diamantino T, Carolina SM, Soares AMVM (2000) Acute toxicity test with daphnia magna: an alternative to mammals in the prescreening of chemical toxicity? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 46(3):357–362. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.1916

Guo MT, Yuan QB, Yang J (2013) Microbial selectivity of UV treatment on antibiotic-resistant heterotrophic bacteria in secondary effluents of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 47(16):6388–6394. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.012

Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba CP, Regli S (1993) Risk assessment of viruses in drinking water. Risk Anal 13:545–552. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1993.tb00013.x

Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba CP (1999) Quantitative microbial risk assessment. Wiley, New York

Hansen PD (2007) Risk assessment of emerging contaminants in aquatic systems. TrAC Trend Anal Chem 26(11):1095–1099. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2007.10.001

Harguinteguy CA, Cirelli AF, Pignata ML (2014) Heavy metal accumulation in leaves of aquatic plant Stuckenia filiformis and its relationship with sediment and water in the Suquía river (Argentina). Microchem J 114:111–118. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2013.12.010

Hegedüs A, Erdei S, Horváth G (2001) Comparative studies of H₂O₂ detoxifying enzymes in green and greening barley seedlings under cadmium stress. Plant Sci 160(6):1085–1093. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00330-2

Hernando MD, Fernández AAR, Tauler R, Barceló D (2005) Toxicity assays applied to wastewater treatment. Talanta 65(2):358–366. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2004.07.012

Herrero O, Pérez MJM, Fernández FP, Carvajal LL, Peropadre A, Hazen MJ (2012) Toxicological evaluation of three contaminants of emerging concern by use of the Allium cepa test. Mutat Res/Gen Tox Env 743(1–2):20–24. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.028

Hirata K, Tsuji N, Miyamoto K (2005) Biosynthetic regulation of phytochelatins, heavy metal-binding peptides. J Biosci Bioeng 100(6):593–599. doi:10.1263/jbb.100.593

Hong B, Garabrant D, Hedgeman E, Demond A, Gillespie B, Chen Q, Chang CW, Towey T, Knutson K, Franzblau A, Lepkowski J, Adriaens P (2009) Impact of WHO 2005 revised toxic equivalency factors for dioxins on the TEQs in serum, household dust and soil. Chemosphere 76(6):727–733. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.034

Hornick RB, Woodward TE, McCrumb FR, Dawkin AT, Snyder MJ, Bulkeley JT, Macorra FDL, Corozza FA (1966) Study of induced typhoid fever in man. I. Evaluation of vaccine effectiveness. Tran Assoc Am Phys 79:361–367

Hornick RB, Music SI, Wenzel R, Cash RA, Libonati JP, Snyder MJ, Woodward TE (1971) The broad street pump revisited: response of volunteers to ingested cholera vibrios. Bull NY Acad Med 47(10):1181–1191

Huang JJ, Hu HY, Wu YH, Wei B, Lu Y (2013) Effect of chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection on tet A-mediated tetracycline resistance of Escherichia coli. Chemosphere 90(8):2247–2253. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.008

Hussain MM, Amanchi NR, Solanki VR, Bhagavathi M (2008) Low cost microbioassay test for assessing cytopathological and physiological responses of ciliate model Paramecium caudatum to carbofuran pesticide. Pestic Biochem Phys 90(1):66–70. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.07.006

Ince NH, Apikyan IG (2000) Combination of activated carbon adsorption with light-enhanced chemical oxidation via hydrogen peroxide. Water Res 34(17):4169–4176. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00194-9

Jenkins RO, Craig PJ, Francesconi KA, Harrington CF (2007) 12.13-Environmental and biological aspects of organometallic compounds. Comprehensive organometallic chemistry III. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 603–661

Kadokami K, Li X, Pan S, Ueda N, Hamada K, Jinya D, Iwamura T (2013) Screening analysis of hundreds of sediment pollutants and evaluation of their effects on benthic organisms in Dokai Bay, Japan. Chemosphere 90(2):721–728. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.055

Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2008) The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK. Water Res 42(13):3498–3518. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.026

Kayikcioglu HH (2012) Short-term effects of irrigation with treated domestic wastewater on microbiological activity of a vertic xerofluvent soil under Mediterranean conditions. J Environ Manage 102:108–114. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.034

Keene WE, McAnulty JM, Hoesly FC, Williams LP Jr, Hedberg K, Oxman GL, Barrett TJ, Pfaller MA, Fleming DW (1994) A swimming associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei. New Engl J Med 331:579–584. doi:10.1056/NEJM199409013310904

Kokkali V, van Delft W (2014) Overview of commercially available bioassays for assessing chemical toxicity in aqueous samples. TrAC Trend Anal Chem 61:133–155. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2014.08.001

Kollu K, Örmeci B (2012) Effect of particles and bioflocculation on ultraviolet disinfection of Escherichia coli. Water Res 46(3):750–760. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.046

Komaitis E, Vasiliou E, Kremmydas G, Georgakopoulos DG, Georgiou C (2010) Development of a fully automated flow injection analyzer implementing bioluminescent biosensors for water toxicity assessment. Sensors 10(8):7089–7098. doi:10.3390/s100807089

LaPara TM, Burch TR, McNamara PJ, Tan DT, Yan M, Eichmiller JJ (2011) Tertiary-treated municipal wastewater is a significant point source of antibiotic resistance genes into duluth-superior harbor. Environ Sci Technol 45(22):9543–9549. doi:10.1021/es202775r

Ledakowicz S, Solecka M, Zylla R (2001) Biodegradation, decolourisation and detoxification of textile wastewater enhanced by advanced oxidation processes. J Biotechnol 89(2):175–184. doi:10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00296-6

Lee WM, Ha SW, Yang CY, Lee JK, An YJ (2011) Effect of fluorescent silica nanoparticles in embryo and larva of oryzias latipes: sonic effect in nanoparticle dispersion. Chemosphere 82(3):451–459. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.055

Leusch FDL, Khan SJ, Gagnon MM, Quayle P, Trinh T, Coleman H, Rawson C, Chapman HF, Blair P, Nice H, Reitsema T (2014a) Assessment of wastewater and recycled water quality: a comparison of lines of evidence from in vitro, in vivo and chemical analyses. Water Res 50:420–431. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.056

Leusch FDL, Khan SJ, Laingam S, Prochazka E, Froscio S, Trinh T, Chapman HF, Humpage A (2014b) Assessment of the application of bioanalytical tools as surrogate measure of chemical contaminants in recycled water. Water Res 49:300–315. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.030

Levantesi C, Bonadonna L, Briancesco R, Grohmann E, Toze S, Tandoi V (2012) Salmonella in surface and drinking water: occurrence and water-mediated transmission. Food Res Int 45(2):587–602. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.037

Levy DA, Bens MS, Craun GF, Calderon RL, Herwaldt BL (1998) Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks—United States, 1995–1996. MMWR 47:1–34

Liu SS, Song XQ, Liu HL, Zhang YH, Zhang J (2009a) Combined photobacterium toxicity of herbicide mixtures containing one insecticide. Chemosphere 75:381–388. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.026

Liu YJ, Zhang CM, Wang XC (2009b) Simultaneous detection of enteric bacteria from surface waters by QPCR in comparison with conventional bacterial indicators. Environ Monit Assess 158(1–4):535–544. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0602-1

Lopez RR, Kazlauskaite L, Ribo J, Riva MC, Gonzalez S, Cortina JL (2012) Evaluation of an automated luminescent bacteria assay for in situ aquatic toxicity determination. Sci Total Environ 440:307–313. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.043

Łuczkiewicz A, Jankowska K, Fudala KS, Olańczuk NK (2010) Antimicrobial resistance of fecal indicators in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 44(17):5089–5097. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.007

Luo L, Ke C, Guo X, Shi B, Huang M (2014) Metal accumulation and differentially expressed proteins in gill of oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) exposed to long-term heavy metal-contaminated estuary. Fish Shellfish Immun 38(2):318–329. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.029

Ma XY, Wang XC (2013) Ecotoxicity comparison of organic contaminants and heavy metals using Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. Water Sci Technol 67(10):2221–2227. doi:10.2166/wst.2013.113

Ma XY, Wang XC, Liu YJ (2011) Study of the variation of ecotoxicity at different stages of domestic wastewater treatment using Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. J Hazard Mater 190(1–3):100–105. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.003

Ma XY, Wang XC, Liu YY (2012) Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of urban surface waters using freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 and Vicia faba root tip. J Environ Sci 24(10):1861–1866. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(11)61012-7

Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N (2013) Reverse osmosis pretreatment method for toxicity assessment of domestic wastewater using Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 97(0):248–254. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.001

Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N (2014) Bioassay based luminescent bacteria: interferences, improvements, and applications. Sci Total Environ 468–469:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.028

Macova M, Escher BI, Reungoat J, Carswell S, Chue KL, Keller J, Mueller JF (2010) Monitoring the biological activity of micropollutants during advanced wastewater treatment with ozonation and activated carbon filtration. Water Res 44(2):477–492. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.025

Mahmoud IY, Al-Bahry SN, Al-Musharafi SK (2013) Fresh water habitat pollution by treated sewage effluent in relation to multiple-antibiotic-resistant bacteria. APCBEE Procedia 5:363–367. doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.062

Mahoney FJ, Farley TA, Kelso KY, Wilson SA, Horan JM, McFarland LM (1992) An outbreak of hepatitis a associated with swimming in a public pool. J Infect Dis 165:613–618

Maier RM, PepperI L, Gerba CP (2009) Environmental microbiology, 2nd edn. Elsevier Science, San Diego

Matsuki T, Watanabe K, Fujimoto J, Miyamoto Y, Takada T, Matsumoto K, Oyaizu H, Tanaka R (2002) Development of 16S rRNA-gene-targeted group-specific primers for analysis of human intestinal bifidobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5445–5451. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.11.5445-5451.2002

Maunula L, Miettinen IT, von Bonsdorff CH (2005) Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water. Emerg Infect Dis 11(11):1716–1721. doi:10.3201/eid1111.050487

Medema GJ, Teunis PFM, Havelaar AH, Haas CN (1996) Assessment of the dose-response relationship of Campylobacter jejuni. Int J Food Microbiol 39:101–112. doi:10.1016/0168-1605(96)00994-4

Messner MJ, Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC (2001) Risk assessment for cryptosporidium: a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of human dose response data. Water Res 35(16):3934–3940. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00119-1

Metcalf, Eddy (2007) Water reuse: issues, technologies and applications. McGraw-Hill Publisher, New York

Minor TE, Allen CI, Tsiatis AA, Nelson DD, D’Alessio DJ (1981) Human infective dose determination for oral poliovirus type 1 vaccine in infants. J Clin Microbiol 13:388

Ml Farré, García MJ, Tirapu L, Ginebreda A, Barceló D (2001) Wastewater toxicity screening of non-ionic surfactants by Toxalert^® and Microtox^® bioluminescence inhibition assays. Anal Chim Acta 427(2):181–189. doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01022-9

Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK (2007) Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Environ Toxicol 22(4):368–374. doi:10.1002/tox.20273

Monteiro L, Brinke M, dos Santos G, Traunspurger W, Moens T (2014) Effects of heavy metals on free-living nematodes: a multifaceted approach using growth, reproduction and behavioural assays. Eur J Soil Biol 62:1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2014.02.005

Mori IC, Arias BCR, Koutsaftis A, Ogo A, Kawano T, Yoshizuka K, Inayat HSH, Aoyama I (2015) Toxicity of tetramethylammonium hydroxide to aquatic organisms and its synergistic action with potassium iodide. Chemosphere 120:299–304. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.011

Morugán-Coronado A, García OF, Mataix SJ, Arcenegui V, Mataix BJ (2011) Short-term effects of treated wastewater irrigation on Mediterranean calcareous soil. Soil Till Res 112(1):18–26. doi:10.1016/j.still.2010.11.004

Musolff A, Leschik S, Möder M, Strauch G, Reinstorf F, Schirmer M (2009) Temporal and spatial patterns of micropollutants in urban receiving waters. Environ Pollut 157(11):3069–3077. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.037

NAS (1983) Risk assessment in federal government: managing the process. National Academy Press, Washington

Omoike AI, Vanloon GW (1999) Removal of phosphorus and organic matter removal by alum during wastewater treatment. Water Res 33(17):3617–3627. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00075-5

OW/ORD Emerging Contaminants Workgroup (2008). White paper aquatic life criteria for contaminants of emerging concern. Emerging contaminants workgroup, Part 1 general challenges and recommendation

Palacios-Díaz MP, Mendoza GV, Fernández VJR, Rodríguez RF, Tejedor JMT, Hernández MJM (2009) Subsurface drip irrigation and reclaimed water quality effects on phosphorus and salinity distribution and forage production. Agric Water Manage 96(11):1659–1666. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.06.021

Parvez S, Venkataraman C, Mukherji S (2006) A review on advantages of implementing luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri) for acute toxicity prediction of chemicals. Environ Int 32(2):265–268. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2005.08.022

Pavlaki MD, Pereira R, Loureiro S, Soares AMVM (2011) Effects of binary mixtures on the life traits of daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(1):99–110. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.010

Pond K (2005) Water recreation and disease. Plausibility of associated Infections: acute effects, sequelae and mortality. IWA publishing on behalf of the World Health Organization, London

Prat N, Rieradevall M, Barata C, Munné A (2013) The combined use of metrics of biological quality and biomarkers to detect the effects of reclaimed water on macroinvertebrate assemblages in the lower part of a polluted Mediterranean river (Llobregat River, NE Spain). Ecol Indic 24:167–176. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.06.010

Qin LT, Liu SS, Zhang J, Xiao QF (2011) A novel model integrated concentration addition with independent action for the prediction of toxicity of multi-component mixture. Toxicol 280(3):164–172. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2010.12.007

Rahman MF, Yanful EK, Jasim SY (2009a) Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the aquatic environment: implications for the drinking water industry and global environmental health. J Water Health 7(2):224–243. doi:10.2166/wh.2009.021

Rahman MF, Yanful EK, Jasim SY (2009b) Occurrences of endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and their removal from drinking water: challenges in the context of the developing world. Desalination 248(1–3):578–585. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.105

Ratola N, Cincinelli A, Alves A, Katsoyiannis A (2012) Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review. J Hazard Mater 239–240:1–18. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.040

Reinthaler FF, Posch J, Feierl G, Wüst G, Haas D, Ruckenbauer G, Mascher F, Marth E (2003) Antibiotic resistance of E. coli in sewage and sludge. Water Res 37(8):1685–1690. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00569-9

Rico D, Martín GA, Díaz S, de Lucas P, Gutiérrez JC (2009) Heavy metals generate reactive oxygen species in terrestrial and aquatic ciliated protozoa. Comp Biochem Phys C 149(1):90–96. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.07.016

Rizzo L (2011) Bioassays as a tool for evaluating advanced oxidation processes in water and wastewater treatment. Water Res 45(15):4311–4340. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.035

Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Ploy MC, Michael I, Fatta KD (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 447:345–360. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032

Rodriguez C, Linge K, Blair P, Busetti F, Devine B, Van Buynder P, Weinstein P, Cook A (2012) Recycled water: potential health risks from volatile organic compounds and use of 1,4-dichlorobenzene as treatment performance indicator. Water Res 46(1):93–106. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.032

Roig N, Nadal M, Sierra J, Ginebreda A, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2011) Novel approach for assessing heavy metal pollution and ecotoxicological status of rivers by means of passive sampling methods. Environ Int 37(4):671–677. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.007

Rose JB, Haas CN (1999) A risk assessment framework for the evaluation of skin infections and the potential impact of antibacterial soap washing. Am J Infect Control 27(6):S26–S33. doi:10.1016/S0196-6553(99)70039-8

Rose JB, Haa CN, Regli S (1991) Risk assessment and the control of waterborne giardiasis. Am J Public Health 81:709–713. doi:10.2105/AJPH.81.6.709

Santasmasas C, Rovira M, Clarens F, Valderrama C (2013) Grey water reclamation by decentralized MBR prototype. Resour Conserv Recy 72:102–107. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.004

Savichtcheva O, Okabe S (2006) Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Res 40(13):2463–2476. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.040

Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Nizzetto L, Čupr P, Larssen T (2014) Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: a systematic review of recent and historical data. Environ Int 66:48–64. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.022

Shaw M, Negri A, Fabricius K, Mueller JF (2009) Predicting water toxicity: pairing passive sampling with bioassays on the Great Barrier Reef. Aquat Toxicol 95(2):108–116. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.08.007

Silva A, Figueiredo SA, Sales MG, Delerue MC (2009) Ecotoxicity tests using the green algae Chlorella vulgaris—a useful tool in hazardous effluents management. J Hazard Mater 167(1–3):179–185. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.102

Simpson JM, Santo Domingo JW, Reasoner DJ (2004) Assessment of equine fecal contamination: the search for alternative bacterial source-tracking targets. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 47(1):65–75. doi:10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00250-2

Smital T, Terzic S, Zaja R, Senta I, Pivcevic B, Popovic M, Mikac I, Tollefsen KE, Thomas KV, Ahel M (2011) Assessment of toxicological profiles of the municipal wastewater effluents using chemical analyses and bioassays. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(4):844–851. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.11.010

Smith T (2011) Overcoming challenges in wastewater reuse: a case study of San Antonio, Texas. Harvard College Cambridge, Mass

Sonune A, Ghate R (2004) Development in wastewater treatment methods. Desalination 167:55–63. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.113

Soupilas A, Papadimitriou CA, Samaras P, Gudulas K, Petridis D (2008) Monitoring of industrial effluent ecotoxicity in the greater Thessaloniki area. Desalination 224(1–3):261–270. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2007.07.003

Suhendrayatna, Ohki A, Nakajima T, Maeda S (2002) Studies on the accumulation and transformation of arsenic in freshwater organisms I. Accumulation, transformation and toxicity of arsenic compounds on the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Chemosphere 46(2):319–324. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00084-4

Sun Y, Huang H, Sun Y, Wang C, Shi XL, Hu HY, Kameya T, Fujie K (2013) Ecological risk of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage plant effluent and reclaimed water. Environ Pollut 180:339–344. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.006

Takahashi T, Yoshii M, Kawano T, Kosaka T, Hosoya H (2005) A new approach for the assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a green paramecium. Toxicol In Vitro 19(1):99–105. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2004.06.012

Tanaka H, Asano T, Schroeder ED, Tchobanoglous G (1998) Estimating the safety of wastewater reclamation and reuse using enteric virus monitoring data. Water Environ Res 70(1):39–51. doi:10.2175/106143098X126874

Tang JYM, Busetti F, Charrois JWA, Escher BI (2014) Which chemicals drive biological effects in wastewater and recycled water? Water Res 60:289–299. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.043

Tansel B (2008) New technologies for water and wastewater treatment: a survey of recent patents. Recent Pat Chem Eng 1:17–26. doi:10.2174/2211334710801010017

Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD (2003) Wastewater engineering: treatment and ruse, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

Vargas VMF, Migliavacca SB, de Melo AC, Horn RC, Guidobono RR, de Sá Ferreira ICF, Pestana MHD (2001) Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environments under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Mutat Res-Gen Tox 490(2):141–158. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00159-5

Verhaert V, Covaci A, Bouillon S, Abrantes K, Musibono D, Bervoets L, Verheyen E, Blust R (2013) Baseline levels and trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in sediments and biota from the Congo River Basin (DR Congo). Environ Int 59:290–302. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.015

Vinje J, Hamidjaja RA, Sobsey MD (2004) Development and application of a capsid VP1 (region D) based reverse transcription PCR assay for genotyping of genogroup I and II noroviruses. J Virol Methods 116:109–117. doi:10.1081/SAC-200055715

Vittozzi L, De Angelis G (1991) A critical review of comparative acute toxicity data on freshwater fish. Aquat Toxicol 19(3):167–204. doi:10.1016/0166-445X(91)90017-4

Voua Otomo P, Wepener V, Maboeta MS (2014) Single and mixture toxicity of gold nanoparticles and gold (III) to Enchytraeus buchholzi (Oligochaeta). Appl Soil Ecol 84:231–234. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2014.08.007

Wahsha M, Bini C, Argese E, Minello F, Fontana S, Wahsheh H (2012) Heavy metals accumulation in willows growing on Spolic Technosols from the abandoned Imperina Valley mine in Italy. J Geochem Explor 123(0):19–24. dio:10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.07.004

Walter MV, Vennes JW (1985) Occurrence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in domestic sewage and oxidation lagoons. Appl Environ Microbiol 50:930–933

Wang W (1987) Factors affecting metal toxicity to (and accumulation by) aquatic organisms—overview. Environ Int 13(6):437–457. doi:10.1016/0160-4120(87)90006-7

Wang XC, Qiu FG, Xue XP, Lu X (2005) Application of a virological tracer method for the assessment of pathogen removal by physicochemical treatment and chemical disinfection. Water Sci Technol 52(8):205–212

Wang LJ, Liu SS, Yuan J, Liu HL (2011) Remarkable hormesis induced by 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. Chemosphere 84(10):1440–1445. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.049

Ward RL, Bernstein DL, Young EC, Sherwood JR, Knowlton DR, Schiff GM (1986) Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological responses to infection. J Infect Dis 154(5):871

Watson K, Shaw G, Leusch FDL, Knight NL (2012) Chlorine disinfection by-products in wastewater effluent: bioassay-based assessment of toxicological impact. Water Res 46(18):6069–6083. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.026

Wei D, Tan Z, Du Y (2011) A biological safety evaluation on reclaimed water reused as scenic water using a bioassay battery. J Environ Sci 23(10):1611–1618. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60631-6

Wheeler JR, Panter GH, Weltje L, Thorpe KL (2013) Test concentration setting for fish in vivo endocrine screening assays. Chemosphere 92(9):1067–1076. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.102

WHO (2004) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 3rd edn. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

Wibbertmann A, Mangelsdorf I, Gamon K, Sedlak R (2011) Toxicological properties and risk assessment of the anionic surfactants category: alkyl sulfates, primary alkane sulfonates, and α-olefin sulfonates. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(5):1089–1106. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.02.007

Wu MN, Wang XC, Ma XY (2013) Characteristics of THMFP increase in secondary effluent and its potential toxicity. J Hazard Mater 261:325–331. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.022

Xu J, Wu L, Chang AC, Zhang Y (2010) Impact of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils: a preliminary assessment. J Hazard Mater 183(1–3):780–786. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.094

Ye Z, Zhao Q, Zhang M, Gao Y (2011) Acute toxicity evaluation of explosive wastewater by bacterial bioluminescence assays using a freshwater luminescent bacterium, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. J Hazard Mater 186(2–3):1351–1354. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.013

Yi H, Si L (2007) Vicia root-mirconucleus and sister chromatid exchange assays on the genotoxicity of selenium compounds. Mutat Res-Gen Tox 630(1–2):92–96. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.03.003

Yi L, Jiao W, Chen X, Chen W (2011) An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China. J Environ Sci 23(10):1585–1593. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60627-4

Yoon Y, Ryu J, Oh J, Choi BG, Snyder SA (2010) Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in the Han River (Seoul, South Korea). Sci Total Environ 408(3):636–643. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.049

Zenk MH (1996) Heavy metal detoxification in higher plants—a review. Gene 179(1):21–30. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00422-2

Zhang CM, Wang XC (2012) Health risk assessment of urban surface waters based on real-time PCR detection of typical pathogens. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 18(2):329–337. doi:10.1080/10807039.2012.650585

Zhang CM, Wang XC (2014) Distribution of enteric pathogens in wastewater secondary effluent and safety analysis for urban water reuse. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 20(3):797–806. doi:10.1080/10807039.2013.810957

Zhang XJ, Wang ZS, Gu XS (1991) Simple combination of biodegradation and carbon adsorption-the mechanism of the biological activated carbon process. Water Res 25(2):165–172. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(91)90025-L

Zhang CM, Liu YJ, Wang XC, Xue XP (2007) Study on membrane adsorption-elution method for concentration of enteroviruses from environmental waters. Environ Sci 28(7):1543–1547. doi:10.3321/j.issn:0250-3301.2007.07.024 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Zhang YH, Liu SS, Song XQ, Ge HL (2008) Prediction for the mixture toxicity of six organophosphorus pesticides to the luminescent bacterium Q67. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 71(3):880–888. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.01.014

Zhang J, Liu SS, Liu HL (2009a) Effect of ionic liquid on the toxicity of pesticide to Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. J Hazard Mater 170:920–927. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.056

Zhang Y, Marrs CF, Simon C, Xi C (2009b) Wastewater treatment contributes to selective increase of antibiotic resistance among acinetobacter spp. Sci Total Environ 407(12):3702–3706. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.013

Zhang CM, Wang XC, Liu YJ, Peng DC (2010) Simultaneous detection of enteroviruses from surface waters by real-time RT-PCR with universal primers. J Environ Sci 22(8):1261–1266. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60248-5

Zhang J, Liu SS, Yu ZY, Liu HL (2012a) Significant contributions of ionic liquids containing tetrafluoroborate and trifluoromethanesulfonate to antagonisms and synergisms in multi-component mixtures. J Hazard Mater 209–210:158–163. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.003

Zhang CM, Wang XC, Zhou JH, Ji Z (2012b) Comparative study on enteric pathogens and their relations with fecal indicator bacteria in urban surface waters. Acta Sci Circum 32(11):2789–2794 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Zhang K, Wei YL, Zeng EY (2013a) A review of environmental and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Sci Total Environ 463–464:1093–1110. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.104

Zhang CM, Wang XC, Li X, Zhao LF, Zeng S (2013b) Quantification and distribution of Salmonella spp. and Salmonella typhi in wastewater treatment plants. J Pure Appl Microbiol 7(1):409–415

Zhang CM, Miao YH, Zhang QP, Xu H (2014) Effects of chlorination and ultraviolet disinfection on antibiotic resistance of fecal coliforms in secondary settling tank effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant. Res Environ Sci 27(4):422–426. doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2014.04.11 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Zhou QX, Kong FX, Zhu L (2004). Ecotoxicology. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese)

Zhu XW, Liu SS, Ge HL, Liu Y (2009) Comparison between the short-term and the long-term toxicity of six triazine herbicides on photobacteria Q67. Water Res 43(6):1731–1739. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.01.004

Titel: Safety Control of Reclaimed Water Use
verfasst von: Xiaochang C. Wang
Chongmiao Zhang
Xiaoyan Ma
Li Luo
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Water Cycle Management
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45820-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-45821-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45821-1_3