Abstract
We present a detailed statistical analysis of a 2-hour long empirical sample of VBR video. The sample was obtained by applying a simple intraframe video compression code to an action movie. The main findings of our analysis are (1) the tail behavior of the marginal bandwidth distribution can be accurately described using “heavy-tailed” distributions (e.g., Pareto); (2) the autocorrelation of the VBR video sequence decays hyperbolically (equivalent to long-range dependence) and can be modeled using self-similar processes. We combine our findings in a new (non-Markovian) source model for VBR video and present an algorithm for generating synthetic traffic. Trace-driven simulations show that statistical multiplexing results in significant bandwidth efficiency even when long-range dependence is present. Simulations of our source model show long-range dependence and heavy-tailed marginals to be important components which are not accounted for in currently used VBR video traffic models.
- BERA93 J. Beran, R. Sherman, M. S. Taqqu and W. Willinger, "Variable Bit Rate Video Traffic and Long Range Dependence", IEEE Trans. Commun., 1994, Accepted for publication, subject to revisions.Google Scholar
- CLAR92 D.D. Clark, S. Shenker and L. Zhang, "Supporting Real-Time Applications in an Integrated Services Packet Network' Architecture and Mechanism'', in Proc. A CM SlGComm Symp., pp. 14- 26, Baltimore MD, August 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- COX84 D.R. Cox, "Long-Range Dependence: A Review", In H. A. David and H. T. David, editors, Statistics: An Appraisal, Ames, Iowa, 1984, pp. 55-74, Iowa State Univ. Press.Google Scholar
- FELL51 W. Feller, "The Asymptotic Distribution of the Range of Sums of Independent Random Variables'', Ann. Math. Statists., Vol. 22, pp. 427-32, 1951.Google ScholarCross Ref
- GARR93 M. W. Garrett and M. Vetterli, "Joint Source/Channel Coding of Statistically Multiplexed Real Time Services on Packet Networks", IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 71-80, February 1993. Google ScholarDigital Library
- GARR93a M. W. Garrett, "Contributions Toward Real- Time Services on Packet-Switched Networks", Ph.D. Dissertation CU/CTR/TR 340-93-20, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., May 1993, see Chapter 4: "Statistical Analysis of a Long Trace of Variable B it Rate Coded Video". Google ScholarDigital Library
- HOSK84 J.R.M. Hosking, "Modeling Persistence in Hydrological Time Series Using Fractional Differencing'', Water Resources Res., Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 1898-1908, 1984.Google ScholarCross Ref
- HURS51 H.E. Hurst, "Long-Term Storage Capacity of Reservoirs", Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., Vol. 116, pp. 770-799, 1951.Google Scholar
- JAGE92 D.L. Jagerman and B. Melamed, "The Transition and Autocorrelation Structure of TES Processes Part I: General Theory", Stochastic Models, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-219, 1992.Google ScholarCross Ref
- JOHN70 N.L. Johnson and S. Kotz, Continuous Univariate Distributions--l, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1970.Google Scholar
- LAW91 A.M. Law and W. D. Kelton, Simulation Modeling and Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd edition, 1991. Google ScholarDigital Library
- LELA93 W.E. Leland, M. S. Taqqu, W. Willinger and D. V. Wilson, "On the Self-Similar Nature of Ethemet Traffic", In Proc. A CM SIGComm, pp. 183-193, San Francisco, CaliL, September 1993. Google ScholarDigital Library
- MAND68 B.B. Mandelbrot and J. W. Van Ness, "Fractional Brownian Motions, Fractional Noises and Applications", SiAM Review, Vol. 10, pp. 422- 37, 1968.Google ScholarDigital Library
- MAND69a B. B. Mandelbrot and J. R. Wallis, "Computer Experiments with Fractional Gaussian Noises", Water Resources Res., Vol. 5, pp. 228-267, 1969.Google ScholarCross Ref
- MAND69b B.B. Mandelbrot and J. R. Wallis,"Some Long- Run Properties of Geophysical Records", Water Resources Res., Vol. 5, pp. 321-40, 1969.Google ScholarCross Ref
- MAND79 B.B. Mandelbrot and M. S. Taqqu, "Robust R/S Analysis of Long Run Serial Correlation", In Proc. 42nd Session ISI, Vol. XLVIII, Book 2, pp. 69-99, 1979.Google Scholar
- MAND83 B.B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, Freeman, New York, 1983.Google Scholar
- ORTE93 A. Ortega, M. W. Garrett and M. Vetterli, "Toward Joint Optimization of VBR Video Coding and Packet Network Traffic Control", In Proc. Fifth International Workshop on Packet Video, Berlin, Germany, March 1993.Google Scholar
- PANC94 P. Pancha and M. E1 Zarki, "MPEG Coding for Variable Bit Rate Video Transmission", iEEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 54-66, May 1994.Google ScholarDigital Library
- PVW91 Fourth International Workshop on Packet Video, Kyoto, Japan, August 1991.Google Scholar
- WALL91 G.K. Wallace, "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard", Commun. of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 31-4-4, April 1991. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Analysis, modeling and generation of self-similar VBR video traffic
Recommendations
Analysis, modeling and generation of self-similar VBR video traffic
SIGCOMM '94: Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applicationsWe present a detailed statistical analysis of a 2-hour long empirical sample of VBR video. The sample was obtained by applying a simple intraframe video compression code to an action movie. The main findings of our analysis are (1) the tail behavior of ...
Comments