Abstract
AIREAL is a novel haptic technology that delivers effective and expressive tactile sensations in free air, without requiring the user to wear a physical device. Combined with interactive computers graphics, AIREAL enables users to feel virtual 3D objects, experience free air textures and receive haptic feedback on gestures performed in free space. AIREAL relies on air vortex generation directed by an actuated flexible nozzle to provide effective tactile feedback with a 75 degrees field of view, and within an 8.5cm resolution at 1 meter. AIREAL is a scalable, inexpensive and practical free air haptic technology that can be used in a broad range of applications, including gaming, mobile applications, and gesture interaction among many others. This paper reports the details of the AIREAL design and control, experimental evaluations of the device's performance, as well as an exploration of the application space of free air haptic displays. Although we used vortices, we believe that the results reported are generalizable and will inform the design of haptic displays based on alternative principles of free air tactile actuation.
Supplemental Material
- Azuma, R., Baillot, Y., Behrenger, R., Feiner, S., Julier, S. and Macintyre, B. 2001. Recent Advances in Augmented Reality. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 21, 34--47. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bau, O., Poupyrev, I., Israr, A. and Harrison, C. 2010. TeslaTouch: electrovibration for touch surfaces. In Proc. of UIST'10, ACM, 283--292. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bau, O. and Poupyrev, I., 2012. REVEL: Tactile feedback technology for Augmented Reality. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 1, (Aug), 89--100. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bianchi, G., Knoerlein, B., Szekely, M. and Harders, M. 2006. High precision augmented reality haptics. In Proc. of EuroHaptics'06, 169--178.Google Scholar
- Bolanowski JR., S. J., Gesheider, G. A., Verrillo, R. T., and Checkosky, C. M. 1988. Four channels mediate the mechanical aspects of touch. Journal of ASA. 84 5, 1680--1694.Google Scholar
- Glezer, A. 1988. The Formation of Vortex Rings. In Physics of Fluids, 31, 3532.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gharib, M., Rambod, E., and Shariff, K. 1997. A universal time scale for vortex ring formation. In Journal of Fluid Mechanics 360, 121--140.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Harrison, C., Tan, D., and Morris, D. 2010. Skinput: appropriating the body as an input surface. In Proc. of CHI. 453--462. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hashiguchi, S., Omori, N, Yamamoto, S., Ueoka, R., and Takeda. 2012. Application to 3D Theater using a Air Pressured Facial Tactile Display. In Proc. of Asia Digital Art and Design.Google Scholar
- Heilig, M. 1962 Sensorama Simulator. US Patent 3050870.Google Scholar
- Heshan, N., Shui, Z., and Shuhei, Y. 2011. Study on the Control and Miniaturization of Tactile Display using the Air Gun. In Proc. of VR Soc. Japan. 33E-5.Google Scholar
- Hoshi, T., Takashami, M., Iwamoto, T., and Shinoda, H. 2010 Noncontact tactile display based on radiation pressure of Airborne Ultrasound. IEEE Trans. Haptics. 3, 155--165. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Israr, A., Tan, H., and Reed, C. 2006. Frequency and amplitude discrimination along the kinesthetic-cutaneous continuum in the presence of masking stimuli. Journal of ASA. 120, 2789--2800.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Israr, A. and Poupyrev, I. 2011. Tactile brush: Drawing on skin with a tactile grid display. In Proc. of CHI'11, ACM, 2019--2028. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Iwamoto, T., Tatezono, M., and Shinoda, H. 2008 Non-Contact Method for Producing Tactile Sensation Using Airborne Ultrasound, In Proc. of EuroHaptics 2008, 504--513. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, B., Sodhi, R., Forsyth, D., Bailey, B., and Maciocci, G. 2012. Around device interaction for multiscale navigation. In Proc. of Mobile HCI. ACM 83--92. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kenner, C. 2010. GlovePIE http://glovepie.orgGoogle Scholar
- Kruijff, E. and Pander, A. 2005. Experiences of Using Shockwaves for Haptic Sensations. In Proc. of IEEE VR 2005 Workshop on New Directions in 3D User Interfaces. 37--42Google Scholar
- Leapmotion. 2013. https://leapmotion.com/Google Scholar
- Jason, A., Marshall, M., and Subramanian, S. 2011 Adding haptic feedback to mobile TV. In Proc. of CHI 2011, ACM. 1975--1980 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Leek, M. R. 2001. Adaptive procedures in psychophysical research. Perception and Psychophysics 63 8, 1279--1292.Google Scholar
- Microsoft. 2010 Microsoft Surface 2.0Google Scholar
- Mosheni, K. 2002. Optimal Vortex Ring Formation at the Exit of a Shock Tube. In Proc. of American Institue of Aeronatuics and Astronautics Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.Google Scholar
- Poupyrev, I., Tan, D., Billinghurst, M., Kato, H., Regenbrecht, H., and Tetsutani, N. 2002. Developing a generic augmented-reality interface, IEEE Computer, 35, 44--49. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Poupyrev, I. and Maruyama, S. 2003. Tactile interfaces for small touch screens. In Proc. of UIST'03, ACM, 217--220. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Raskar R., Welch G., Cutts M., Lake M, Stesin L., and Fuchs, H. 1998. Office of the future. In Proc. SIGGRAPH '98, ACM, 179--188. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rekimoto, J. and Saitoh, M. 1999. Augmented surfaces: a spatially continuous work space for hybrid computing environments. In Proc. of CHI'99, ACM, 378--385. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rice, M., Wan, M., Foo, M., Ng, J., Wai, Z., Janel, K., Samuel, L., and Linda, T. 2011 Evaluating gesture-based games with older adults on a large screen display. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 1, (Aug) 17--24.Google Scholar
- Rogers, W. 1858. On the formation of rotating rings by air and liquids under certain conditions of discharge. Am. J. Sci. 26, 246--58.Google Scholar
- Rosenfeld, M., Rambod, E., and Gharib, M. 1998 Circulation and formation number of laminar vortex rings. In Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 376, 297--318Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ruiz, J., Li, Y., Lank, E. 2011 User-defined Motion Gestures for Mobile Interaction. In Proc. of CHI 2011, ACM, 197--206 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Russel, A. 2011 Air vortex ring communication between mobile robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 59, 65--73. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sodhi, R., Benko, H., and Wilson, A. 2012. Lightguide: projected visualizations for hand movement guidance. In Proc of CHI, ACM, 179--188. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shariff, K. 1992 Vortex Rings. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 24. 235--79.Google Scholar
- Sherrick, C. 1991 Vibrotactile pattern perception: some findings and applications. in The Psychology of Touch, M. Heller and W. Schiff, Editors. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 189--217.Google Scholar
- Suzuki, Y. and Kobayashi, M. 2005 Air Driven Force Feedback in Virtual Reality. Comp. Graphics and Applications. 25. 44--47. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Takamori, F., Tsuruyama, N., and Takeda, T. 2010. Effect of Vortext Ring using Air Canon on Sense of Touch. In Proc. of IEICE.Google Scholar
- Takeda, T. 2009. A Study of Air Canon for Entertainment. Master's Thesis Kyushu Universtiy.Google Scholar
- Tokuda, Y., Suzuki, Y., Nishimura, K., Tanikawa, T., and Hirose, M. 2010. Cloud Display. In Proc. of ACE, 32--35. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Willis, K. D. D., Poupyrev, I., Hudson, S. E. and Mahler, M. 2011. SideBySide: ad-hoc multi-user interaction with handheld projectors. In Proc. of UIST'11, ACM, 431--440. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wilson, A. D. and Benko, H. 2012. Steerable Augmented Reality with Beamatron. In Proc. of UIST, ACM, 413--422 Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yanagida, Y., Kawato, S. and Noma, H. 2004. Projection-Based Olfactory Display with Tracking. In Proc. IEEE VR 2004, 43--50. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- AIREAL: interactive tactile experiences in free air
Recommendations
REVEL: tactile feedback technology for augmented reality
REVEL is an augmented reality (AR) tactile technology that allows for change to the tactile feeling of real objects by augmenting them with virtual tactile textures using a device worn by the user. Unlike previous attempts to enhance AR environments ...
Revel: programming the sense of touch
CHI EA '13: CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsRevel is a new wearable tactile technology that modifies the user's tactile perception of the physical world. Current tactile technologies enhance objects and devices with various actuators to create rich tactile sensations, limiting the experience to ...
Can Haptic Feedback on One Virtual Object Increase the Presence of Another Virtual Object?
VRST '22: Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and TechnologyThis paper investigated whether increased presence from experiencing haptic feedback on one virtual object can transfer to another virtual object. Two similar studies were run in different environments: an immersive virtual environment and a mixed ...
Comments