Abstract
As data-intensive, network-based applications proliferate, the power consumed by the data-center storage subsystem surges. This survey summarizes, organizes, and integrates a decade of research on power-aware enterprise storage systems. All of the existing power-reduction techniques are classified according to the disk-power factor and storage-stack layer addressed. A majority of power-reduction techniques is based on dynamic power management. We also consider alternative methods that reduce disk access time, conserve space, or exploit energy-efficient storage hardware. For every energy-conservation technique, the fundamental trade-offs between power, capacity, performance, and dependability are uncovered. With this survey, we intend to stimulate integration of different power-reduction techniques in new energy-efficient file and storage systems.
- Allalouf, M., Arbitman, Y., Factor, M., Kat, R. I., Meth, K., and Naor, D. 2009. Storage modeling for power estimation. In Proceedings of the 2nd Israeli Experimental Systems Conference (SYSTOR'09). 3:1--3:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Amur, H., Cipar, J., Gupta, V., Ganger, G. R., Kozuch, M. A., and Schwan, K. 2010. Robust and flexible power-proportional storage. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing (SoCC'10). 217--228. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Apple. 2004. Hfs plus volume format. Tech. rep. TN1150, Apple, Cupertino, CA, March. http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn/tn1150.html.Google Scholar
- Barroso, L. A. and Hölzle, U. 2007. The case for energy-proportional computing. Computer 40, 33--37. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Benini, L. and Micheli, G. D. 2000. System-level power optimization: Techniques and tools. ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst. 5, 115--192. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bisson, T., Brandt, S., and Long, D. 2007. A hybrid disk-aware spin-down algorithm with i/o subsystem support. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Performance Computing and Communications Conference (IPCCC'07). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 236--245.Google Scholar
- Bisson, T., Brandt, S. A., and Long, D. D. E. 2006. Nvcache: Increasing the effectiveness of disk spin-down algorithms with caching. In Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS'06). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 422--432. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carrera, E. V., Pinheiro, E., and Bianchini, R. 2003. Conserving disk energy in network servers. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Supercomputing (ICS'03). 86--97. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Caulfield, A. M., Grupp, L. M., and Swanson, S. 2009. Gordon: Using flash memory to build fast, power-efficient clusters for data-intensive applications. SIGPLAN Not. 44, 217--228. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chrobak, M. 2010. Sigact news online algorithms column 17. SIGACT News 41, 114--121. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Colarelli, D. and Grunwald, D. 2002. Massive arrays of idle disks for storage archives. In Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing (Supercomputing'02). 1--11. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Deng, Y. 2011. What is the future of disk drives, death or rebirth? ACM Comput. Surv. 43, 23:1--23:27. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Douglis, F., Krishnan, P., and Bershad, B. N. 1995. Adaptive disk spin-down policies for mobile computers. In Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on Mobile and Location-Independent Computing. 121--137. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Douglis, F., Krishnan, P., and Marsh, B. 1994. Thwarting the power-hungry disk. In Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Technical Conference. 23--23. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Essary, D. and Amer, A. 2008. Predictive data grouping: Defining the bounds of energy and latency reduction through predictive data grouping and replication. Trans. Storage 4, 2:1--2:23. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Freitas, R. F. and Wilcke, W. W. 2008. Storage-class memory: The next storage system technology. IBM J. Res. Dev. 52, 439--447. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ganesh, L., Weatherspoon, H., Balakrishnan, M., and Birman, K. 2007. Optimizing power consumption in large scale storage systems. In Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems. 9:1--9:6. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Golding, R., Bosch, P., Staelin, C., Sullivan, T., and Wilkes, J. 1995. Idleness is not sloth. In Proceedings of the USENIX Technical Conference (TCON'95). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Greenan, K. M., Long, D. D. E., Miller, E. L., Schwarz, S. J., T. J. E., and Wylie, J. J. 2008. A spin-up saved is energy earned: achieving power-efficient, erasure-coded storage. In Proceedings of the 4th conference on Hot topics in system dependability. HotDep'08. 4--4. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Grupp, L. M., Caulfield, A. M., Coburn, J., Swanson, S., Yaakobi, E., Siegel, P. H., and Wolf, J. K. 2009. Characterizing flash memory: Anomalies, observations, and applications. In Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO'42). ACM, New York, NY, 24--33. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guerra, J., Belluomini, W., Glider, J., Gupta, K., and Pucha, H. 2010. Energy proportionality for storage: Impact and feasibility. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 44, 35--39. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guerra, J., Pucha, H., Glider, J., Belluomini, W., and Rangaswami, R. 2011. Cost effective storage using extent based dynamic tiering. In Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST'11). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA. 20. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gurumurthi, S., Sivasubramaniam, A., Kandemir, M., and Franke, H. 2003a. Drpm: Dynamic speed control for power management in server class disks. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 31, 169--181. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gurumurthi, S., Sivasubramaniam, A., Kandemir, M., and Franke, H. 2003b. Reducing disk power consumption in servers with drpm. Computer 36, 59--66. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gurumurthi, S., Sivasubramaniam, A., and Natarajan, V. K. 2005. Disk drive roadmap from the thermal perspective: A case for dynamic thermal management. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 33, 38--49. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gurumurthi, S., Zhang, J., Sivasubramaniam, A., Kandemir, M., Franke, H., Vijaykrishnan, N., and Irwin, M. J. 2003c. Interplay of energy and performance for disk arrays running transaction processing workloads. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software. 123--132. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Harnik, D., Naor, D., and Segall, I. 2009. Low power mode in cloud storage systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing (IPDPS'09). 1--8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hong, B., Plantenberg, D., Long, D. D. E., and Sivan-Zimet, M. 2004. Duplicate data elimination in a san file system. In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST'04). IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 301--314.Google Scholar
- Huang, H., Hung, W., and Shin, K. G. 2005. Fs2: Dynamic data replication in free disk space for improving disk performance and energy consumption. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 39, 263--276. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Irani, S., Singh, G., Shukla, S. K., and Gupta, R. K. 2005. An overview of the competitive and adversarial approaches to designing dynamic power management strategies. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. Syst. 13, 1349--1361. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joukov, N. and Sipek, J. 2008. Greenfs: Making enterprise computers greener by protecting them better. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 42, 69--80. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kaushik, R., Abdelzaher, T., Egashira, R., and Nahrstedt, K. 2011. Predictive data and energy management in greenhdfs. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Green Computing Conference (IGCC'11). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 1--9. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kaushik, R. T. and Bhandarkar, M. 2010. Greenhdfs: Towards an energy-conserving, storage-efficient, hybrid hadoop compute cluster. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower'10). 1--9. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kaushik, R. T., Cherkasova, L., Campbell, R., and Nahrstedt, K. 2010. Lightning: Self-adaptive, energy-conserving, multi-zoned, commodity green cloud storage system. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC'10). 332--335. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kim, J. and Rotem, D. 2011. Energy proportionality for disk storage using replication. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT/ICDT'11). 81--92. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kothiyal, R., Tarasov, V., Sehgal, P., and Zadok, E. 2009. Energy and performance evaluation of lossless file data compression on server systems. In Proceedings of the 2nd Israeli Experimental Systems Conference (SYSTOR'09). 4:1--4:12. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kulkarni, P., Douglis, F., LaVoie, J., and Tracey, J. M. 2004. Redundancy elimination within large collections of files. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATEC'04). 5. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lang, W., Patel, J. M., and Naughton, J. F. 2010. On energy management, load balancing and replication. SIGMOD Rec. 38, 35--42. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lee, H. J., Lee, K. H., and Noh, S. H. 2008. Augmenting raid with an ssd for energy relief. In Proceedings of the Conference on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower'08). 12. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lee, S. and Kim, J. 2010. Using dynamic voltage scaling for energy-efficient flash-based storage devices. In Proceedings of the International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC'10). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 63--66.Google Scholar
- Leverich, J. and Kozyrakis, C. 2010. On the energy (in)efficiency of hadoop clusters. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 44, 61--65. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Li, D. and Wang, J. 2004a. Eeraid: Energy efficient redundant and inexpensive disk array. In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on ACM SIGOPS European Workshop (EW'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Li, D. and Wang, J. 2004b. A performance-oriented energy efficient file system. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Storage Network Architecture and Parallel I/Os. 58--65. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Liao, X.-L., Bai, S., Wang, Y.-P., and Hu, S.-M. 2011. Isra-based grouping: A disk reorganization approach for disk energy conservation and disk performance enhancement. IEEE Tran. Computers 60, 2, 292--304. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lu, L., Varman, P., and Wang, J. 2007. Diskgroup: Energy efficient disk layout for raid1 systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Networking, Architecture, and Storage (NAS'07). IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 233--242.Google Scholar
- Lu, Y.-H., Chung, E.-Y., Šimunić, T., Benini, L., and De Micheli, G. 2000. Quantitative comparison of power management algorithms. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE'00). 20--26. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Manzanares, A., Bellam, K., and Qin, X. 2008. A prefetching scheme for energy conservation in parallel disk systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS'08). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 1--5.Google Scholar
- Mohan, V., Gurumurthi, S., and Stan, M. 2010. Flashpower: A detailed power model for nand flash memory. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe (DATE'10). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 502--507. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Narayanan, D., Donnelly, A., and Rowstron, A. 2008. Write off-loading: Practical power management for enterprise storage. Trans. Storage 4, 10:1--10:23. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Narayanan, D., Thereska, E., Donnelly, A., Elnikety, S., and Rowstron, A. 2009. Migrating server storage to ssds: Analysis of tradeoffs. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys'09). 145--158. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Okada, K., Kojima, N., and Yamashita, K. 2000. A novel drive architecture of hdd: “Multimode hard disc drive”. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE'00). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 92--93.Google Scholar
- Otoo, E., Rotem, D., and Tsao, S. C. 2009. Analysis of trade-off between power saving and response time in disk storage systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing. 1--8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Papathanasiou, A. E. and Scott, M. L. 2004a. Energy efficient prefetching and caching. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATEC'04). 22. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Papathanasiou, A. E. and Scott, M. L. 2004b. Power-efficient server-class performance from arrays of laptop disks. Tech. rep. 837, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. May.Google Scholar
- Park, J., Yoo, S., Lee, S., and Park, C. 2009. Power modeling of solid state disk for dynamic power management policy design in embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 7th IFIP WG 10.2 International Workshop on Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems (SEUS'09). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 24--35. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pinheiro, E. and Bianchini, R. 2004. Energy conservation techniques for disk array-based servers. In Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Supercomputing (ICS'04). 68--78. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pinheiro, E., Bianchini, R., and Dubnicki, C. 2006. Exploiting redundancy to conserve energy in storage systems. SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev. 34, 15--26. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Quinlan, S. and Dorward, S. 2002. Venti: A new approach to archival data storage. In Proceedings of the 1st USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST'02). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sankar, S., Gurumurthi, S., and Stan, M. R. 2008. Intra-disk parallelism: An idea whose time has come. SIGARCH Comput. Archit. News 36, 303--314. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Seagate 2000. Seagates sound barrier technology (sbt)—the art of quiet disc drives. http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/sound_barrier.pdf.Google Scholar
- Seagate 2010. Seagate powerchoice technology provides unprecedented hard drive power savings and flexibility. http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/en-GB/whitepaper/tp608_powerchoice_tech_provides.pdf.Google Scholar
- Sehgal, P., Tarasov, V., and Zadok, E. 2010. Optimizing energy and performance for server-class file system workloads. Trans. Storage 6, 10:1--10:31. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Seo, E., Park, S. Y., and Urgaonkar, B. 2008. Empirical analysis on energy efficiency of flash-based ssds. In Proceedings of the conference on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower'08). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 17--17. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shvachko, K., Kuang, H., Radia, S., and Chansler, R. 2010. The hadoop distributed file system. In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Symposium on Massive Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST'10). 1--10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Staelin, C. and Garcia-Molina, H. 1991. Smart filesystems. In Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Technical Conference (USENIX Winter'91). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 45--52.Google Scholar
- Storer, M. W., Greenan, K. M., Miller, E. L., and Voruganti, K. 2008. Pergamum: replacing tape with energy efficient, reliable, disk-based archival storage. In Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST'08). 1:1--1:16. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Thereska, E., Donnelly, A., and Narayanan, D. 2011. Sierra: Practical power-proportionality for data center storage. In Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys'11). 169--182. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Venkatachalam, V. and Franz, M. 2005. Power reduction techniques for microprocessor systems. ACM Comput. Surv. 37, 195--237. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Verma, A., Koller, R., Useche, L., and Rangaswami, R. 2010. Srcmap: Energy proportional storage using dynamic consolidation. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wang, J., Zhu, H., and Li, D. 2008. eraid: Conserving energy in conventional disk-based raid system. IEEE Trans. Comput. 57, 359--374. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Weddle, C., Oldham, M., Qian, J., Wang, A.-I. A., Reiher, P., and Kuenning, G. 2007. Paraid: A gear-shifting power-aware raid. Trans. Storage 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Weissel, A., Beutel, B., and Bellosa, F. 2002. Cooperative i/o: A novel i/o semantics for energy-aware applications. In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'02). 117--129. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wildani, A. and Miller, E. 2010. Semantic data placement for power management in archival storage. In Proceedings of the 5th Petascale Data Storage Workshop (PDSW'10). IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--5.Google Scholar
- Xie, T. 2008. Sea: A striping-based energy-aware strategy for data placement in raid-structured storage systems. IEEE Trans. Comput. 57, 748--761. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yao, X. and Wang, J. 2006. Rimac: A novel redundancy-based hierarchical cache architecture for energy efficient, high performance storage systems. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 40, 249--262. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yoo, B., Won, Y., Choi, J., Yoon, S., Cho, S., and Kang, S. 2011. Ssd characterization: From energy consumption's perspective. In Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage'11). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhu, Q., Chen, Z., Tan, L., Zhou, Y., Keeton, K., and Wilkes, J. 2005. Hibernator: Helping disk arrays sleep through the winter. SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev. 39, 177--190. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhu, Q., David, F. M., Devaraj, C. F., Li, Z., Zhou, Y., and Cao, P. 2004. Reducing energy consumption of disk storage using power-aware cache management. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA'04). 118--129. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhu, Q. and Zhou, Y. 2005. Power-aware storage cache management. IEEE Trans. Comput. 54, 587--602. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zong, Z., Briggs, M., O'Connor, N., and Qin, X. 2007. An energy-efficient framework for large-scale parallel storage systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS'07). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, 1--7.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Power-reduction techniques for data-center storage systems
Recommendations
Analysis of disk power management for data-center storage systems
e-Energy '12: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Future Energy Systems: Where Energy, Computing and Communication MeetUp to one third of the electricity supplied to a data center is required for the operation of the storage subsystem. A typical data-center workload, characterized by short idle periods, prevents traditional disk power management (DPM) from saving ...
Reliability and security of RAID storage systems and D2D archives using SATA disk drives
Information storage reliability and security is addressed by using personal computer disk drives in enterprise-class nearline and archival storage systems. The low cost of these serial ATA (SATA) PC drives is a tradeoff against drive reliability design ...
Research on Energy Storage Configuration for Data Center
EEET 2021: 2021 4th International Conference on Electronics and Electrical Engineering TechnologyIn the context of the digital age, data centers are developing rapidly. The power supply methods of data center have received widespread attention. Energy storage system is widely used in data centers because of its flexible regulation and rapid ...
Comments