Nicola Marsden
ABSTRACT
Using personas in requirement analysis and software development is becoming more and more common. The potential and problems with this method of user representation are discussed controversially in HCI research. While personas might help focus on the audience, prioritize, challenge assumptions, and prevent self-referential design, the success of the method depends on how and on what basis the persona descriptions are developed, perceived, and employed. Personas run the risk of reinscribing existing stereotypes and following more of an I-methodological than a user-centered approach. This paper gives an overview of the academic discourse regarding benefits and downfalls of the persona method. A semi-structured interview study researched how usability experts perceive and navigate the controversies of this discourse. The qualitative analysis showed that conflicting paradigms are embedded in the legitimization practices of HCI in the political realities of computer science and corporate settings leading to contradictions and compromises.
Supplemental Material
- Doris Allhutter. 2012. Mind Scripting: A Method for Deconstructive Design. Science, Technology & Human Values 37, 6 (November 1, 2012): 684--707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243911401633.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Reem Alnanih, Olga Ormandjieva, and T. Radhakrishnan. 2013. Context-based User Stereotype Model for Mobile User Interfaces in Health Care Applications. Procedia Computer Science 19, 0: 1020--1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013. 06.142.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Emily T. Amanatullah and Catherine H. Tinsley. 2013. Punishing female negotiators for asserting too much-or not enough: Exploring why advocacy moderates backlash against assertive female negotiators. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 120, 1: 110--122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.201 2.03.006.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mahzarin R Banaji and Curtis D Hardin. 1996. Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science 7, 3: 136141.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shaowen Bardzell. 2010. Feminist HCI: taking stock and outlining an agenda for design. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 1301--1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753521. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shaowen Bardzell and Jeffrey Bardzell. 2011. Towards a feminist HCI methodology: social science, feminism, and HCI. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 675--684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979041. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shaowen Bardzell and Elizabeth F. Churchill. 2011. IwC Special Issue "Feminism and HCI: New Perspectives" Special Issue Editors' Introduction. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (September 1, 2011): iii-xi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953--5438(11)00089-0. Google ScholarDigital Library
- John A Bargh. 2013. Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
- Manuela Barreto and Naomi Ellemers. 2005. The burden of benevolent sexism: how it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities. European Journal of Social Psychology 35, 5: 633--642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.270.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Manuela Barreto and Naomi Ellemers. 2005. The Perils of Political Correctness: Men's and Women's Responses to Old-Fashioned and Modern Sexist Views. Social psychology quarterly 68, 1 (March 1, 2005): 75--88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800106.Google Scholar
- Manuela Barreto and Naomi Ellemers. 2015. Detecting and Experiencing Prejudice: New Answers to Old Questions. In Advances in experimental social psychology, M. Olson James and P. Zanna Mark Eds. Academic Press, 139--219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.02.001.Google Scholar
- Corinna Bath. 2014. Diffractive Design. In GenderUseIT - HCI, Usability und UX unter Gendergesichtspunkten, Nicola Marsden and Ute Kempf Eds. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, München, 27--36.Google Scholar
- Corinna Bath. 2014. Searching for Methodology. Feminist Technology Design in Computer Science. In Gender in Science and Technology, Waltraud Ernst and Ilona Horwath Eds. transcript, Bielefeld, 57--78.Google Scholar
- Laura Beckwith, Margaret Burnett, Valentina Grigoreanu, and Susan Wiedenbeck. 2006. Gender HCI: What About the Software? Computer 39, 11: 97--101. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pedro F Bendassolli. 2013. Theory building in qualitative research: reconsidering the problem of induction. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 14, 1: Art. 25.Google Scholar
- Petra Björndal, Mikko J. Rissanen, and Steve Murphy. 2011. Lessons Learned from Using Personas and Scenarios for Requirements Specification of Next Generation Industrial Robots. In Design, User Experience, and Usability, Aaron Marcus Ed. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 378--387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978--3--642--216756_44.Google Scholar
- Stefan Blomkvist. 2002. The User as a personality. In Using Personas as a tool for design. Position paper for the course workshop "Theoretical perspectives in Human-Computer Interaction" at IPLab, KTH.Google Scholar
- Åsa Blomquist and Mattias Arvola. 2002. Personas in action: ethnography in an interaction design team. In Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction ACM, 197--200. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark A Blythe and Peter C Wright. 2006. Pastiche scenarios: Fiction as a resource for user centered design. Interacting with Computers 18, 5: 1139--1164. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Susanne Bødker, Ellen Christiansen, Tom Nyvang, and Pär-Ola Zander. 2012. Personas, people and participation: challenges from the trenches of local government. Proceedings of the 12th Participatory Design Conference: Research Papers - Volume 1: 91--100. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Susanne Bødker and Clemens Nylandsted Klokmose. 2012. Preparing students for (inter-) action with activity theory. International Journal of Design 6, 3: 99--111.Google Scholar
- Göde Both. 2014. Multidimensional Gendering Processes at the Human-Computer-Interface: The Case of Siri. In Gender-UseIT - HCI, Usability und UX unter Gendergesichtspunkten, Nicola Marsden and Ute Kempf Eds. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, München, 107--112.Google Scholar
- Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star. 1999. Sorting things out Classification and its consequences. MIT Press, Campbridge, MA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sandra Buchmüller, Gesche Joost, Nina Bessing, and Stephanie Stein. 2011. Bridging the gender and generation gap by ICT applying a participatory design process. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 15, 7: 743--758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-011-0388-y. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ronald J Burke. 2014. Individual, organizational, and societal backlash against women. In Gender in Organizations: Are Men Allies or Adversaries to Women's Career Advancement?, Ronald J Burke and Debra A Major Eds. Edward Elgar Publishing, 335--363.Google Scholar
- Margaret Burnett. 2010. Gender HCI: what about the software? Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication: 251--251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1878450.1878493. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Margaret Burnett, Laura Beckwith, Susan Wiedenbeck, Scott D. Fleming, Jill Cao, Thomas H. Park, Valentina Grigoreanu, and Kyle Rector. 2011. Gender pluralism in problem-solving software. Interacting with Computers 23, 5: 450--460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.06.004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Margaret Burnett, Scott D Fleming, Shamsi Iqbal, Gina Venolia, Vidya Rajaram, Umer Farooq, Valentina Grigoreanu, and Mary Czerwinski. 2010. Gender differences and programming environments: across programming populations. Proceedings of the 2010 ACMIEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement: 28--37. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Margaret M Burnett and Brad A Myers. 2014. Future of end-user software engineering: beyond the silos. In Proceedings of the on Future of Software Engineering ACM, 201--211. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Margaret Burnett, Anicia Peters, Charles Hill, and Noha Elarief. 2016. Finding Gender-Inclusiveness Software Issues with GenderMag: A Field Investigation. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16) ACM, NY, NY, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Margaret Burnett, Simone Stumpf, James Macbeth, Laura Beckwith, Stephann Makri, Irwin Kwan, and Anicia Peters. 2015. The GenderMag Kit: How to Use the GenderMag Method to Find Usability Issues through a Gender Lens EUSES Consortium http://eusesconsortium.org/gender.Google Scholar
- Peter A Caprariello, Amy Cuddy, and Susan Fiske. 2009. Social structure shapes cultural stereotypes and emotions: A causal test of the stereotype content model. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, 2: 147--155.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yen-Ning Chang, Youn-Kyung Lim, and Erik Stolterman. 2008. Personas: from theory to practices. In Proceedings of the 5th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: building bridges ACM, 439--442. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Christopher N Chapman and Russell P Milham. 2006. The personas' new clothes: methodological and practical arguments against a popular method. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting SAGE Publications, 634--636.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sezgin Cihangir, Manuela Barreto, and Naomi Ellemers. 2010. The dark side of ambiguous discrimination: How state self esteem moderates emotional and behavioural responses to ambiguous and unambiguous discrimination. British Journal of Social Psychology 49, 1: 155--174.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alan Cooper. 1999. The inmates are running the asylum: Why high-tech products drive us crazy and how to restore the sanity. Sams, Indianapolis. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alan Cooper, Robert Reimann, and David Cronin. 2007. About face 3: the essentials of interaction design. John Wiley & Sons. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Amy Cuddy, Susan Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2004. When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues 60, 4: 701--718.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Amy Cuddy, Susan Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2007. The BIAS map: behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of personality and social psychology 92, 4: 631--648.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Amy Cuddy, Susan Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2008. Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in experimental social psychology 40: 61--149.Google Scholar
- Amy Cuddy, Susan Fiske, Virginia Kwan, Peter Glick, Stephanie Demoulin, Jacques Philippe Leyens, Michael Harris Bond, Jean Claude Croizet, Naomi Ellemers, and Ed Sleebos. 2009. Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology 48, 1: 1--33.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alexander M. Czopp and Margo J. Monteith. 2003. Confronting Prejudice (Literally): Reactions to Confrontations of Racial and Gender Bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29, 4: 532--544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167202250923.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Nick De Voil. 2010. Personas considered harmful Retrieved December 31, 2015 from http://www.devoil.com/papers/PersonasConsideredHarmful.pdf.Google Scholar
- Anke Dittmar and Maximilian Hensch. 2015. Two Level Personas for Nested Design Spaces. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 3265--3274. Google ScholarDigital Library
- John Partomo Djajadiningrat, William W Gaver, and Jw Fres. 2000. Interaction relabelling and extreme characters: methods for exploring aesthetic interactions. In Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques ACM, 66--71. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Claude Draude. 2006. Degendering the Species? Gender Studies Encounter Virtual Humans. In Proceedings AVI 2006, A. D. Angeli and N. Bianchi-Berthouze Eds., Venice.Google Scholar
- Claude Draude, Susanne Maaß, and Kamila Wajda. 2014. GERD: ein Vorgehensmodell zur Integration von Gender/Diversity in die Informatik. In Vielfalt der Informatik, Anja Zeising, Claude Draude, Heidi Schelhowe and Susanne Maaß Eds. Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, Open-Access. http://suche.suub.unibremen.de/peid=B81685519&LAN=DE&CID=&index=L&Hitnr=9, Bremen, 197--283.Google Scholar
- Thorsten Dresing, Thorsten Pehl, and Christian Schmieder. 2012. Manual (on) transcription: Transcription conventions, software guides and practical hints for qualitative researchers. 2nd English Edition. Marburg.Google Scholar
- Thomas Eckes. 2002. Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the stereotype content model. Sex Roles 47, 3--4: 99--114.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Thomas Eckes. 2008. Geschlechterstereotype: Von Rollen, Identitäten und Vorurteilen. In Handbuch Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, Ruth Becker and Beate Kortendiek Eds. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 171--182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978--3531--91972-0_20.Google Scholar
- Shamal Faily and Ivan Flechais. 2011. Persona cases: a technique for grounding personas. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 2267--2270. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Susan Fiske, Amy Cuddy, and Peter Glick. 2007. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in cognitive sciences 11, 2: 77--83.Google Scholar
- Susan Fiske, Amy Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Jun Xu. 2002. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of personality and social psychology 82, 6: 878--902.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Susan T Fiske. 2000. Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the centuries: Evolution, culture, mind, and brain. European Journal of Social Psychology 30, 3: 299--322.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ingbert R Floyd, M Cameron Jones, and Michael B Twidale. 2008. Resolving incommensurable debates: a preliminary identification of persona kinds, attributes, and characteristics. Artifact 2, 1: 12--26.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Michael J. Gill. 2004. When information does not deter stereotyping: Prescriptive stereotyping can foster bias under conditions that deter descriptive stereotyping. Journal of experimental social psychology 40, 5 (9): 619--632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2003.12.001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Anthony G Greenwald, Debbie E Mcghee, and Jordan Lk Schwartz. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of personality and social psychology 74, 6: 1464--1480.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Anthony G Greenwald, T Andrew Poehlman, Eric Luis Uhlmann, and Mahzarin R Banaji. 2009. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Metaanalysis of predictive validity. Journal of personality and social psychology 97, 1: 17--41.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jonathan Grudin. 2006. Why personas work: The psychological evidence. In The Persona Lifecycle, Keeping People in Mind Throughout Product Design, John Pruitt and Tamara Adlin Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 642-663.Google Scholar
- Jonathan Grudin and John Pruitt. 2002. Personas, participatory design and product development: An infrastructure for engagement. In PDC, 144--152.Google Scholar
- Cornelia Helfferich. 2011. Die Qualität qualitativer Daten. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.Google Scholar
- Cornelia Helfferich. 2014. Leitfaden- und Experteninterviews. In Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung, Nina Baur and Jörg Blasius Eds. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 559--574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-18939-0_39.Google Scholar
- Anders Hjalmarsson, Eva Gustafsson, and Stefan Cronholm. 2015. Exploring the Use of Personas in User-Centered Design of Web-based e-services. iConference 2015 Proceedings.Google Scholar
- Karen Holtzblatt and Hugh Beyer. 2015. Contextual Design Evolved. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Iso. 2010. Ergonomics of human-system interaction Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems (ISO 9241--210:2010); German version EN ISO 9241--210:2010, Din Normenausschuss Ergonomie (Naerg) and Ergonomics Standards Committee Eds. International Organization for Standardisation, Geneva.Google Scholar
- Mary R Jackman. 1994. The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Univ of California Press.Google Scholar
- M Cameron Jones, Ingbert R Floyd, and Michael B Twidale. 2008. Teaching design with personas. Proceedings HCIEd, Rome 2008. Magazine of Interaction Design & Architecture(s) 2/3, 3/4: 75--82.Google Scholar
- John T Jost and Brenda Major. 2001. The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Daniel Kahneman. 2011. Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Eva Källhammer and Åsa Wikberg Nilsson. 2012. Gendered Innovative Design Critical Reflections stimulated by Personas. In Promoting Innovation - Policies, practices and procedures, Susanne Andersson, Karin Berglund, Ewa Gunnarsson and Elisabeth Sundin Eds. VINNOVA, Sweden, 328--350.Google Scholar
- Stephene Kilianski and Lauriea Rudman. 1998. Wanting It Both Ways: Do Women Approve of Benevolent Sexism? Sex Roles 39, 5--6 (1998/09/01): 333--352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018814924402.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mary E Kite, Kay Deaux, and Elizabeth L Haines. 2008. Gender stereotypes. Psychology of women: A handbook of issues and theories 2: 205--236.Google Scholar
- Sarah-Jane Leslie, Andrei Cimpian, Meredith Meyer, and Edward Freeland. 2015. Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines. Science 347, 6219: 262--265.Google Scholar
- Ann Light. 2011. HCI as heterodoxy: Technologies of identity and the queering of interaction with computers. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (September 1, 2011): 430--438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.02.002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jasmin Link, Elisabeth Büllesfeld, and Nicola Marsden. 2015. Genderbewusste Erstellung von Persona-Sets. In Gender- und Diversity-Management in der Forschung, Michaela Klemisch, Anne Spitzley and Jürgen Wilke Eds. Fraunhofer-Institut für Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation IAO, Stuttgart, 152165.Google Scholar
- Frank Long. 2009. Real or imaginary: The effectiveness of using personas in product design. In IES Conference, Dublin, 1--10.Google Scholar
- Eva Louvet. 2007. Social judgment toward job applicants with disabilities: Perception of personal qualities and competences. Rehabilitation Psychology 52, 3: 297.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Petra Lucht. 2014. Usability und Intersektionalitätsforschung - Produktive Dialoge. In Gender-UseIT HCI, Usability und UX unter Gendergesichtspunkten, Nicola Marsden and Ute Kempf Eds. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, München, 37--52.Google Scholar
- Nicola Marsden and Ute Kempf. 2014. Gender-UseIT HCI, Usability und UX unter Gendergesichtspunkten. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, München.Google Scholar
- Nicola Marsden, Jasmin Link, and Elisabeth Büllesfeld. 2014. Personas und stereotype Geschlechterrollen. In Gender-UseIT - HCI, Usability und UX unter Gendergesichtspunkten, Nicola Marsden and Ute Kempf Eds. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, München, 91--104.Google Scholar
- Nicola Marsden, Jasmin Link, and Elisabeth B. L lesfeld. 2015. Geschlechterstereotype in PersonaBeschreibungen. In Mensch und Computer 2015 Tagungsband, Sarah Diefenbach, Niels Henze and Martin Pielot Eds. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Stuttgart, 113--122.Google Scholar
- Adrienne L Massanari. 2010. Designing for imaginary friends: information architecture, personas and the politics of user-centered design. New media & society 12, 3: 401--416.Google Scholar
- Tara Matthews, Tejinder Judge, and Steve Whittaker. 2012. How do designers and user experience professionals actually perceive and use personas? Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 1219--1228. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Philipp Mayring. 2010. Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken Beltz Verlag, Weinheim, Basel.Google Scholar
- David Mellor, Gai Bynon, Jerome Maller, Felicity Cleary, Alex Hamilton, and Lara Watson. 2001. The perception of racism in ambiguous scenarios. Journal of ethnic and migration studies 27, 3: 473--488.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tomasz Miaskiewicz and Kenneth A Kozar. 2011. Personas and user-centered design: How can personas benefit product design processes? Design Studies 32, 5: 417--430.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Corinne A Moss-Racusin. 2014. Male backlash: Organizational penalties for men who violate gender stereotypes. In Gender in Organizations: Are Men Allies or Adversaries to Women's Career Advancement?, Ronald J Burke and Debra A Major Eds. Edward Elgar Publishing, 247--269.Google Scholar
- Miguel Moya, Peter Glick, Francisca Expósito, Soledad De Lemus, and Joshua Hart. 2007. It's for Your Own Good: Benevolent Sexism and Women's Reactions to Protectively Justified Restrictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33, 10: 1421--1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304790.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lene Nielsen. 2004. Engaging personas and narrative scenarios. Samfundslitteratur, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
- Lene Nielsen. 2013. Personas - User Focused Design. Springer. Google Scholar
- Lene Nielsen and Kira Storgaard Hansen. 2014. Personas is applicable: a study on the use of personas in Denmark. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: 1665--1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557080. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lene Nielsen, Kira Storgaard Nielsen, Jan Stage, and Jane Billestrup. 2013. Going global with personas. In Human-Computer Interaction-INTERACT 2013 Springer, 350--357.Google Scholar
- Don Norman. 2004. Ad-Hoc Personas & Empathetic Focus. Retrieved December 31, 2015 from http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/personas_empath.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Michael S North and Susan T Fiske. 2013. Act Your (Old) Age Prescriptive, Ageist Biases Over Succession, Consumption, and Identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, 6: 720--734.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ciarán O'leary, Fred Mtenzi, and Claire Mcavinia. 2015. Practice-based personas: integrated user and practice models. In At the Vanguard of Design Science Research-in-Progress Papers and Poster Presentations from the 10th International Conference, DESRIST 2015. Dublin, Ireland, 20--22 May. DESRIST 2015.Google Scholar
- Nelly Oudshoorn, Els Rommes, and Marcelle Stienstra. 2004. Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies. Science, Technology & Human Values 29, 1: 30--63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243903259190.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tanja Paulitz and Bianca Prietl. 2014. Geschlechterund intersektionalitätskritische Perspektiven auf Konzepte der Softwaregestaltung. In Gender-UseIT HCI, Usability und UX unter Gendergesichtspunkten, Nicola Marsden and Ute Kempf Eds. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, München, 79--89.Google Scholar
- Steve Portigal. 2008. Persona non grata. interactions 15, 1: 72--73. Google ScholarDigital Library
- John Pruitt and Tamara Adlin. 2006. The persona lifecycle: Keeping people in mind throughout the design process Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco. Google ScholarDigital Library
- John Pruitt and Jonathan Grudin. 2003. Personas: practice and theory. In Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences ACM, 1--15. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Frank E. Ritter, Gordon D. Baxter, and Elizabeth F. Churchill. 2014. Foundations for Designing UserCentered Systems. Springer London. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jennifer A. Rode. 2011. A theoretical agenda for feminist HCI. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (September 1, 2011): 393--400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.04.005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yvonne Rogers. 2004. New theoretical approaches for HCI. Annual review of information science and technology 38, 1: 87--143.Google Scholar
- Els Rommes. 2014. Feminist Interventions in the Design Process. In Gender in Science and Technology, Waltraud Ernst and Ilona Horwath Eds. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld, 41--55.Google Scholar
- Kari Rönkkö. 2005. An empirical study demonstrating how different design constraints, project organization, and contexts limited the utility of personas. In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 2005 (Waikoloa, HI2005). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kari Rönkkö, Mats Hellman, Britta Kilander, and Yvonne Dittrich. 2004. Personas is not applicable: local remedies interpreted in a wider context. Proceedings of the eighth conference on Participatory design: Artful integration: interweaving media, materials and practices - Volume 1: 112--120. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Laurie A Rudman and Peter Glick. 2001. Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women. Journal of Social Issues 57, 4: 743--762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022--4537.00239.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Laurie A Rudman and Peter Glick. 2008. Social psychology of gender: How power and intimacy shape gender relations. Guilford Press, NY.Google Scholar
- Laurie A Rudman and Kris Mescher. 2013. Penalizing Men Who Request a Family Leave: Is Flexibility Stigma a Femininity Stigma? Journal of Social Issues 69, 2: 322--340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josi.12017.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ann Marie T Russell and Susan T Fiske. 2008. It's all relative: Competition and status drive interpersonal perception. European Journal of Social Psychology 38, 7: 1193--1201.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Ruth Simpson. 2014. Relations, emotions and differences: re-gendering emotional labour in the context of men doing care. In Gender in Organizations: Are Men Allies or Adversaries to Women's Career Advancement?, Ronald J Burke and Debra A Major Eds. Edward Elgar Publishing, 118--132.Google Scholar
- Janet K Swim and Bernadette Campbell. 2003. Sexism: Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes: 218--237.Google Scholar
- Phil Turner and Susan Turner. 2011. Is stereotyping inevitable when designing with personas? Design Studies 32, 1: 30--44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.201 0.06.002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jean M Twenge. 1997. Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles 36, 56: 305--325.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Jean M Twenge. 2009. Status and gender: The paradox of progress in an age of narcissism. Sex Roles 61, 5--6: 338--340.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Félice Van Nunspeet, Naomi Ellemers, Belle Derks, and Sander Nieuwenhuis. 2014. Moral concerns increase attention and response monitoring during IAT performance: ERP evidence. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience 9, 2: 141--149.Google Scholar
- Judy Wajcman. 2010. Feminist theories of technology. Cambridge journal of economics 34, 1: 143--152.Google Scholar
- Åsa Wikberg Nilsson, Ylva Fältholm, and Lena Abrahamsson. 2010. Reframing practice through the use of personas. Reflective Practice 11, 3: 285--298.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Stereotypes and Politics: Reflections on Personas
Recommendations
Gender-Inclusiveness Personas vs. Stereotyping: Can We Have it Both Ways?
CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsPersonas often aim to improve product designers' ability to "see through the eyes of" target users through the empathy personas can inspire - but personas are also known to promote stereotyping. This tension can be particularly problematic when personas ...
How do designers and user experience professionals actually perceive and use personas?
CHI '12: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsPersonas are a critical method for orienting design and development teams to user experience. Prior work has noted challenges in justifying them to developers. In contrast, it has been assumed that designers and user experience professionals - whose ...
How Related Are Designers to the Personas They Create?
Design, User Experience, and Usability: Design Thinking and Practice in Contemporary and Emerging Technologies
Comments