Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs): A Review

Authors:
Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
View Profile

,
Nadir Adam

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
View Profile

,
Cristiano Tapparello

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

0000-0002-8016-8676
View Profile

,
Hoda Ayatollahi

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
View Profile

,
Wendi Heinzelman

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY

University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
View Profile

Authors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks Volume 14 Issue 2Article No.: 10pp 1–50https://doi.org/10.1145/3183338

Published:27 April 2018Publication History

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are crucial in supporting continuous environmental monitoring, where sensor nodes are deployed and must remain operational to collect and transfer data from the environment to a base-station. However, sensor nodes have limited energy in their primary power storage unit, and this energy may be quickly drained if the sensor node remains operational over long periods of time. Therefore, the idea of harvesting ambient energy from the immediate surroundings of the deployed sensors, to recharge the batteries and to directly power the sensor nodes, has recently been proposed. The deployment of energy harvesting in environmental field systems eliminates the dependency of sensor nodes on battery power, drastically reducing the maintenance costs required to replace batteries. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art in energy-harvesting WSNs for environmental monitoring applications, including Animal Tracking, Air Quality Monitoring, Water Quality Monitoring, and Disaster Monitoring to improve the ecosystem and human life. In addition to presenting the technologies for harvesting energy from ambient sources and the protocols that can take advantage of the harvested energy, we present challenges that must be addressed to further advance energy-harvesting-based WSNs, along with some future work directions to address these challenges.

References

A. I. Abdu and M. Salamah. 2011. Energy-aware transmission scheme for wireless sensor networks. In Recent Trends in Wireless and Mobile Networks. Springer, 135--144.Google Scholar
M. Abo-Zahhad, M. Farrag, A. Ali, and O. Amin. 2015. An energy consumption model for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Energy Aware Computing Systems Applications (ICEAC’15). IEEE, Cairo, Egypt, 1--4.Google Scholar
F. Adamo, F. Attivissimo, C. G. C. Carducci, and A. M. L. Lanzolla. 2015. A smart sensor network for sea water quality monitoring. IEEE Sensors J. 15, 5 (2015), 2514--2522.Google ScholarCross Ref
S. Akbari. 2014. Energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks review. In Proceedings of the 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS). IEEE, 987--992.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. Akhtar and M. H. Rehmani. 2015. Energy replenishment using renewable and traditional energy resources for sustainable wireless sensor networks: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 45 (2015), 769--784.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. Akhtar and M. H. Rehmani. 2017. Energy harvesting for self-sustainable wireless body area networks. IT Profess. 19, 2 (2017), 32--40. Google ScholarDigital Library
K. Akkaya and M. Younis. 2003. An energy-aware QoS routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops. IEEE. 710--715. Google ScholarDigital Library
I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. 2002. Wireless sensor networks: A survey. Comput. Networks 38, 4 (2002), 393--422. Google ScholarDigital Library
C. Alippi, G. Anastasi, M. Di Francesco, and M. Roveri. 2009. Energy management in wireless sensor networks with energy-hungry sensors. IEEE Instrument. Measure. Mag. 12, 2 (2009), 16--23.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Alippi, R. Camplani, C. Galperti, and M. Roveri. 2011. A robust, adaptive, solar-powered WSN framework for aquatic environmental monitoring. IEEE Sensors J. 11, 1 (Jan 2011), 45--55.Google ScholarCross Ref
M. K. Amruta and M. T. Satish. 2013. Solar powered water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2013 International Mutli-Conference on Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (iMac4s’13). 281--285.Google Scholar
I. Amundson and X. D. Koutsoukos. 2009. A survey on localization for mobile wireless sensor networks. In Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environnments. Springer, New York, NY, 235--254. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Aprem, C. R. Murthy, and N. B. Mehta. 2013. Transmit power control policies for energy-harvesting sensors with retransmissions. IEEE J. Select. Topics Signal Process. 7, 5 (2013), 895--906.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Arafa and S. Ulukus. 2015. Optimal policies for wireless networks with energy harvesting transmitters and receivers: Effects of decoding costs. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 33, 12 (2015), 2611--2625.Google ScholarDigital Library
H. Ayatollahi, C. Tapparello, and W. Heinzelman. 2015. Transmitter-receiver energy efficiency: A trade-off in MIMO wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC’15). IEEE, New Orleans, LA, USA, 1476--1481.Google Scholar
N. A. A. Aziz and K. A. Aziz. 2011. Managing disaster with wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 13th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT’11). IEEE, 202--207.Google Scholar
T. Azzabi, H. Farhat, and N. Sahli. 2017. A survey on wireless sensor networks security issues and military specificities. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Advanced Systems and Electric Technologies (IC_ASET’17). IEEE, 66--72.Google Scholar
A. Bachir, M. Dohler, T. Watteyne, and K. K. Leung. 2010. MAC essentials for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 12, 2 (Second 2010), 222--248. Google ScholarDigital Library
S. Bader, X. Ma, and B. Oelmann. 2014. On the modeling of solar-powered wireless sensor nodes. J. Sensor Actuator Networks 3, 3 (2014), 207--223.Google ScholarCross Ref
S. Baghaee, S. Chamanian, H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, E. Uysal-Biyikoglu, and H. Kulah. 2014. Demonstration of energy-neutral operation on a WSN testbed using vibration energy harvesting. In Proceedinbgs of the 20th European Wireless Conference. IEEE, 1--6.Google Scholar
J. Bai, M. Fan, J. Yang, Y. Sun, and C. Phillips. 2015. Smart energy-harvesting routing protocol for WSN based E-health systems. In Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Pervasive Wireless Healthcare. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 23--28. Google ScholarDigital Library
Q. Bai and J. A. Nossek. 2013. Modulation and coding optimization for energy-harvesting transmitters. In Proceedings of 2013 9th International ITG Conference on Systems, Communication and Coding (SCC’13). IEEE, Munchen, Deutschland, 1--6.Google Scholar
S. Banerji, A. Bagchi, and S. Khazaeli. 2016. STR-991: Energy-Harvesting Methods for Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensors: A Review. (2016).Google Scholar
U. Baroudi and A. Al-Roubaiey. 2014. Mobile radio frequency charger for wireless sensor networks in the smart grid. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC’14). IEEE, 730--734.Google Scholar
S. Basagni, M. Conti, S. Giordano, and I. Stojmenovic. 2013. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: The Cutting Edge Directions. Vol. 35. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Battery University. 2016. What’s the Best Battery? (2016). Retrieved from http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/whats_the_best_battery.Google Scholar
S. S. Beheshtiha, H. Tan, and M. Sabaei. 2012. Opportunistic routing with adaptive harvesting-aware duty cycling in energy-harvesting WSN. In Proceedings of the 2012 15th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC’12). IEEE, Taipei, Taiwan, 90--94.Google Scholar
D. Benedetti, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2013. GreenCastalia: An energy-harvesting-enabled framework for the castalia simulator. In Proceedings of the Conference on ENSSys. Google ScholarDigital Library
L. Berbakov, C. Antón-Haro, and J. Matamoros. 2013. Optimal transmission policy for cooperative transmission with energy harvesting and battery operated sensor nodes. Signal Process. 93, 11 (2013), 3159--3170. Google ScholarDigital Library
C. Bergonzini, D. Brunelli, and L. Benini. 2009. Algorithms for harvested energy prediction in batteryless wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interfaces (IWASI’09). IEEE, 144--149.Google Scholar
S. Bhattacharya, S. Sridevi, and R. Pitchiah. 2012. Indoor air quality monitoring using wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2012 Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST’12). IEEE, Kolkata, India, 422--427.Google Scholar
P. T. V. Bhuvaneswari, R. Balakumar, V. Vaidehi, and P. Balamuralidhar. 2009. Solar energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSYN’09). IEEE, 57--61. Google ScholarDigital Library
P. Blasco, D. Gunduz, and M. Dohler. 2013. A learning theoretic approach to energy-harvesting communication system optimization. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 12, 4 (2013), 1872--1882.Google ScholarCross Ref
L. M. Borges, R. Chávez-Santiago, N. Barroca, F. J. Velez, and I. Balasingham. 2015. Radio-frequency energy harvesting for wearable sensors. Healthcare Technol. Lett. 2, 1 (2015), 22--27.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Boukerche. 2008. Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Vol. 77. John Wiley 8 Sons, New Jersey. Google ScholarDigital Library
S. M. Bozorgi, M. G. Amiri, A. S. Rostami, and F. Mohanna. 2015. A novel dynamic multi-hop clustering protocol based on renewable energy for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI’15). IEEE, 619--624.Google Scholar
R. Bube. 2012. Fundamentals of Solar Cells: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.Google Scholar
B. Buchli, F. Sutton, J. Beutel, and L. Thiele. 2014. Dynamic power management for long-term energy-neutral operation of solar energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 31--45. Google ScholarDigital Library
H. Byun, S. Son, and J. So. 2013. Queue management based duty cycle control for end-to-end delay guarantees in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks 19, 6 (2013), 1349--1360. Google ScholarDigital Library
P. Cahill, R. O’Keeffe, N. Jackson, A. Mathewson, and V. Pakrashi. 2014. Structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete beam using piezoelectric energy-harvesting system. In Proceedings of the 7th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSIIM’14).Google Scholar
A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2012. Pro-Energy: A novel energy prediction model for solar and wind energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’12). IEEE, 75--83. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2013. Improving energy predictions in EH-WSNs with pro-energy-VLT. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, 41. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and D. Spenza. 2016. Online energy-harvesting prediction in environmentally powered wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sensors Journal 16, 17 (2016), 6793--6804.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Cammarano, D. Spenza, and C. Petrioli. 2013. Energy-harvesting WSNs for structural health monitoring of underground train tunnels. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS’13). IEEE, 75--76.Google Scholar
J. V. Capella, A. Bonastre, R. Ors, and M. Peris. 2013. In line river monitoring of nitrate concentration by means of a wireless sensor network with energy harvesting. Sensors Actuators B: Chem. 177 (2013), 419--427.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Carmona, B. Alorda, and M. A. Ribot. 2014. Energy consumption savings in ZigBee-based WSN adjusting power transmission at application layer. In Proceedings of the 2014 24th International Workshop on Power and Timing Modeling, Optimization and Simulation (PATMOS’14). IEEE, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 1--6.Google Scholar
A. Castagnetti, A. Pegatoquet, C. Belleudy, and M. Auguin. 2012. A framework for modeling and simulating energy-harvesting WSN nodes with efficient power management policies. EURASIP J. Embed. Syst. 2012, 1 (2012), 1--20.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Castagnetti, A. Pegatoquet, T. Le, and M. Auguin. 2014. A joint duty-cycle and transmission power management for energy-harvesting WSN. IEEE Trans. Industr. Info. 10, 2 (2014), 928--936.Google ScholarCross Ref
Castalia. 2016. Castalia Wireless Sensor Network Simulator. (2016). Retrieved from https://castalia.forge.nicta.com.au.Google Scholar
P. Castiglione and G. Matz. 2014. Energy-neutral source-channel coding with battery and memory size constraints. IEEE Trans. Commun. 62, 4 (April 2014), 1373--1381.Google ScholarCross Ref
P. Castiglione, O. Simeone, E. Erkip, and T. Zemen. 2011. Energy harvesting for source-channel coding in cyber-physical systems. In Proceedings of the 2011 4th IEEE International Workshop on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing (CAMSAP’11). IEEE, 189--192.Google Scholar
P. Castiglione, O. Simeone, E. Erkip, and T. Zemen. 2012. Energy management policies for energy-neutral source-channel coding. IEEE Trans. Commun. 60, 9 (2012), 2668--2678.Google ScholarCross Ref
R. Cavallari, F. Martelli, R. Rosini, C. Buratti, and R. Verdone. 2014. A survey on wireless body area networks: Technologies and design challenges. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 16, 3 (2014), 1635--1657.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Chandrakasan, R. Amirtharajah, S. Cho, J. Goodman, G. Konduri, J. Kulik, W. Rabiner, and A. Wang. 1999. Design considerations for distributed microsensor systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 Conference on Custom Integrated Circuits. IEEE, 279--286.Google Scholar
C. Chen and P. H. Chou. 2010. DuraCap: A supercapacitor-based, power-bootstrapping, maximum power point tracking energy-harvesting system. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. ACM, 313--318. Google ScholarDigital Library
F. Chen, I. Dietrich, R. German, and F. Dressler. 2009. An energy model for simulation studies of wireless sensor networks using OMNeT++. Praxis Der Informationsverarbeitung und Kommunikation 32, 2 (July 2009), 133--138.Google Scholar
L. Chen, S. Cool, H. Ba, W. Heinzelman, I. Demirkol, U. Muncuk, K. Chowdhury, and S. Basagni. 2013. Range extension of passive wake-up radio systems through energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’13). IEEE, Budapest, Hungary, 1549--1554.Google Scholar
Y. Chen and Q. Zhao. 2005. On the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 9, 11 (2005), 976--978.Google ScholarCross Ref
Z. Chen, G. C. Fen-ante, H. H. Yang, and T. Q. S. Quek. 2017. Capacity bounds on energy-harvesting binary symmetric channels with finite battery. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’17). IEEE, 1--5.Google ScholarCross Ref
M. Cheng, Y. Chen, H. Wei, and W. K. G. Seah. 2013. Event-driven energy-harvesting wireless sensor network for structural health monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 38th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’13). IEEE, 364--372.Google Scholar
W. Cheng, Y. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Yin, and D. Li. 2015. An improved routing scheme for wireless sensor networks with hybrid energy storage system. In Proceeddings of the 2015 IEEE 10th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA’15). IEEE, 151--154.Google Scholar
K. Chottirapong, S. Manatrinon, P. Dangsakul, and N. Kwankeow. 2015. Design of energy-harvesting thermoelectric generator with wireless sensors in organic fertilizer plant. In Proceedings of the 2015 6th International Conference of Information and Communication Technology for Embedded Systems (IC-ICTES’15). IEEE, Hua-Hin, Thailand, 1--6.Google Scholar
S. Cui, A. J. Goldsmith, and A. Bahai. 2004. Energy-efficiency of MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks. IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun. 22, 6 (2004), 1089--1098. Google ScholarDigital Library
R. Dall’Ora, U. Raza, D. Brunelli, and G. P. Picco. 2014. SensEH: From Simulation to Deployment of Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. Technical Report. University of Trento.Google Scholar
J. Davidson, M. Collins, and S. Behrens. 2009. Thermal energy harvesting between the air/water interface for powering wireless sensor nodes. Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE’09) vol. 7288, pp. 728814--1--728814--11. Retrieved from http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/9377/.Google Scholar
G. M. de Araújo, J. Kaiser, and L. B. Becker. 2012. An optimized markov model to predict link quality in mobile wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC’12). IEEE, Cappadocia, Turkey, 000307--000312.Google Scholar
G. M. de Araújo, A. Pinto, J. Kaiser, and L. B. Becker. 2014. Genetic machine learning approach for link quality prediction in mobile wireless sensor networks. In Cooperative Robots and Sensor Networks. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1--18.Google Scholar
A. Devasena and B. Sowmya. 2015. Wireless sensor network in disaster management. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8, 15 (2015), 6.Google ScholarCross Ref
D. Dondi, A. Bertacchini, D. Brunelli, L. Larcher, and L. Benini. 2008. Modeling and optimization of a solar energy harvester system for self-powered wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 55, 7 (July 2008), 2759--2766.Google ScholarCross Ref
P. Dutta, M. Grimmer, A. Arora, S. Bibyk, and D. Culler. 2005. Design of a wireless sensor network platform for detecting rare, random, and ephemeral events. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’05). IEEE, 497--502. Google ScholarDigital Library
EnOcean. 2012. Scavenger Transceiver Module STM 300 / STM 300C / STM 300U. Retrieved from https://www.enocean.com/en/enocean_modules_315mhz/stm-300c-user-manual.pdf.Google Scholar
D. Estrin, A. Sayeed, and M. Srivastava. 2002. Wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Tutorial at the 8th ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom’02), Vol. 255. ACM, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Z. A. Eu and H. Tan. 2012. Adaptive opportunistic routing protocol for energy -harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’12). IEEE, 318--322.Google Scholar
Z. A. Eu, H. Tan, and W. K. Seah. 2010. Opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting. Comput. Networks 54, 17 (2010), 2943--2966. Google ScholarDigital Library
Z. A. Eu, H. Tan, and W. K. Seah. 2011. Design and performance analysis of MAC schemes for wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting. Ad Hoc Networks 9, 3 (2011), 300--323. Google ScholarDigital Library
L. Evers, P. J. M. Havinga, J. Kuper, M. E. M. Lijding, and N. Meratnia. 2007. Sensorscheme: Supply chain management automation using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’07). IEEE, 448--455.Google Scholar
X. Fafoutis and N. Dragoni. 2011. ODMAC: An on-demand MAC protocol for energy-harvesting-wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks. ACM, New York, NY, 49--56. Google ScholarDigital Library
Z. Fan and X. Liu. 2016. Energy synchronized transmission control for energy-harvesting sensor networks. Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control 11, 2 (2016), 194--208.Google ScholarCross Ref
L. Fu, P. Cheng, Y. Gu, J. Chen, and T. He. 2013. Minimizing charging delay in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2013. IEEE, 2922--2930.Google Scholar
L. Fu, L. He, P. Cheng, Y. Gu, J. Pan, and J. Chen. 2016. ESync: Energy synchronized mobile charging in rechargeable wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol. 65, 9 (2016), 7415--7431.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Fujii and W. K. Seah. 2011. Multi-tier probabilistic polling in wireless sensor networks powered by energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP’11). IEEE, 383--388.Google Scholar
C. F. García-Hernández, P. H. Ibarguengoytia-Gonzalez, J. García-Hernández, and J. Pérez-Díaz. 2007. Wireless sensor networks and applications: A survey. IJCSNS Int. J. Comput. Sci. Network Secur. 7, 3 (2007), 264--273.Google Scholar
J. M. Gilbert and F. Balouchi. 2008. Comparison of energy-harvesting systems for wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Automat. Comput. 5, 4 (2008), 334--347.Google ScholarCross Ref
P. Gong, Q. Xu, and T. Chen. 2014. Energy-harvesting aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP’14). IEEE, Manchester, UK, 171--176.Google Scholar
A. González, R. Aquino, W. Mata, A. Ochoa, P. Saldaña, and A. Edwards. 2012. Open-wise: A solar powered wireless sensor network platform. Sensors 12, 6 (2012), 8204--8217.Google ScholarCross Ref
Tecate Group. 2016. Ultracapacitor and Supercapacitor Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved from https://www.tecategroup.com/ultracapacitors-supercapacitors/ultracapacitor-FAQ.php.Google Scholar
Y. Gu, L. He, T. Zhu, and T. He. 2014. Achieving energy-synchronized communication in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 13, 2s (2014), 68. Google ScholarDigital Library
Y. Gu, T. Zhu, and T. He. 2009. ESC: Energy synchronized communication in sustainable sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP’09). IEEE, 52--62. Google ScholarDigital Library
D. Gunduz, K. Stamatiou, N. Michelusi, and M. Zorzi. 2014. Designing intelligent energy-harvesting communication systems. IEEE Commun. Mag. 52, 1 (January 2014), 210--216.Google ScholarCross Ref
K. Gupta and V. Sikka. 2015. Design issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 112, 4 (2015), 26--32.Google Scholar
M. S. Halper and J. C. Ellenbogen. 2006. Supercapacitors: A brief overview. The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA (2006), 1--34.Google Scholar
G. Han, Y. Dong, H. Guo, L. Shu, and D. Wu. 2015. Cross-layer optimized routing in wireless sensor networks with duty cycle and energy harvesting. Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput. 15, 16 (2015), 1957--1981. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Hande, R. Bridgelall, and B. Zoghi. 2010. Vibration energy harvesting for disaster asset monitoring using active RFID tags. Proc. IEEE 98, 9 (Sept 2010), 1620--1628.Google ScholarCross Ref
S. He, J. Chen, F. Jiang, D. K. Y. Yau, G. Xing, and Y. Sun. 2013. Energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 12, 10 (2013), 1931--1942. Google ScholarDigital Library
M. Heissenbüttel, T. Braun, T. Bernoulli, and M. WäLchli. 2004. BLR: Beacon-less routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks. Comput. Commun. 27, 11 (2004), 1076--1086. Google ScholarDigital Library
J. Hester, T. Scott, and J. Sorber. 2014. Ekho: Realistic and repeatable experimentation for tiny energy-harvesting sensors. In Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys’14). ACM, New York, NY, 1--15. Google ScholarDigital Library
T. D. Hieu, B. Kim et al. 2016. Stability-aware geographic routing in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. Sensors 16, 5 (2016), 696.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, A. Kansal, M. Srivastava, and V. Raghunathan. 2006. Adaptive duty cycling for energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Low power electronics and design. ACM, New York, NY, 180--185. Google ScholarDigital Library
X. Hu, B. Wang, and H. Ji. 2013. A wireless sensor network-based structural health monitoring system for highway bridges. Comput.-Aided Civil Infrastruct. Eng. 28, 3 (2013), 193--209.Google ScholarCross Ref
L. Huang and M. J. Neely. 2013. Utility optimal scheduling in energy-harvesting networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. (TON) 21, 4 (2013), 1117--1130. Google ScholarDigital Library
P. Huang, L. Xiao, S. Soltani, M. W. Mutka, and N. Xi. 2013. The evolution of MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks: A survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 15, 1 (First 2013), 101--120.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. Ingelrest, G. Barrenetxea, G. Schaefer, M. Vetterli, O. Couach, and M. Parlange. 2010. SensorScope: Application-specific sensor network for environmental monitoring. ACM Trans. Sen. Network. 6, 2, Article 17 (March 2010), 32 pages. Google ScholarDigital Library
National Instruments. 2015a. Using Energy-Harvesting Devices with National Instruments Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/white-paper/12128/en/.Google Scholar
Texas Instruments. 2013a. MIXED SIGNAL MICROCONTROLLER. Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430g2231.pdf.Google Scholar
Texas Instruments. 2013b. MIXED SIGNAL MICROCONTROLLER. Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/msp430g2553.pdf.Google Scholar
Texas Instruments. 2015b. bq25570 Nano Power Boost Charger and Buck Converter for Energy Harvester Powered Applications. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq25570.pdf.Google Scholar
M. K. Jakobsen, J. Madsen, and M. R. Hansen. 2010. DEHAR: A distributed energy-harvesting aware routing algorithm for ad-hoc multi-hop wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM’10). IEEE, 1--9. Google ScholarDigital Library
S. Jang, H. Jo, S. Cho, K. Mechitov, J. A. Rice, S. Sim, H. Jung, C. B. Yun, B. F. Spencer Jr, and G. Agha. 2010. Structural health monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge using smart sensor technology: Deployment and evaluation. Smart Structures and Systems 6, 5-6 (2010), 439--459.Google ScholarCross Ref
X. Jiang, J. Polastre, and D. Culler. 2005. Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’05). IEEE, 463--468. Google ScholarDigital Library
O. Jumira, R. Wolhuter, and S. Zeadally. 2013. Energy-efficient beaconless geographic routing in energy harvested wireless sensor networks. Concurr. Comput.: Pract. Exper. 25, 1 (2013), 58--84. Google ScholarDigital Library
S. Kahrobaee and M. C. Vuran. 2013. Vibration energy harvesting for wireless underground sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’13). IEEE, 1543--1548.Google Scholar
A. Kansal, J. Hsu, S. Zahedi, and M. B. Srivastava. 2007. Power management in energy-harvesting sensor networks. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. (TECS) 6, 4 (2007), 32. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Kansal and M. B. Srivastava. 2005. Distributed energy harvesting for energy-neutral sensor networks. IEEE Pervas. Comput. 4 (2005), 69--70.Google ScholarDigital Library
J. S. Karthi, S. V. Rao, and S. S. Pillai. 2015. Duty cycle adapted MAC for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Control Communication & Computing India (ICCC’15). IEEE, 685--690.Google Scholar
A. Z. Kausar, A. W. Reza, M. U. Saleh, and H. Ramiah. 2014. Energizing wireless sensor networks by energy-harvesting systems: Scopes, challenges and approaches. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 38 (2014), 973--989.Google ScholarCross Ref
Y. Kawahara, V. Lakafosis, Y. Sawakami, H. Nishimoto, and T. Asami. 2009. Design issues for energy-harvesting-enabled wireless sensing systems. In Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC’09). IEEE, 2248--2251.Google Scholar
KCF. 2014. Solar Energy Harvester. Retrieved from https://www.kcftech.com/smartdiagnostics/resources/data%20sheets/KCF_Solar_data_sheet_web.pdf.Google Scholar
R. Khajuria and S. Gupta. 2015. Energy optimization and lifetime enhancement techniques in wireless sensor networks: A survey. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Computing, Communication & Automation (ICCCA’15). IEEE, Noida, India, 396--402.Google Scholar
S. Khalifa, M. Hassan, and A. Seneviratne. 2015. Pervasive self-powered human activity recognition without the accelerometer. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom’15). IEEE, 79--86.Google Scholar
W. Z. Khan, N. M. Saad, and M. Y. Aalsalem. 2012. An overview of evaluation metrics for routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 4th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS’12), Vol. 2. IEEE, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 588--593.Google Scholar
K. K. Khedo, R. Perseedoss, A. Mungur et al. 2010. A wireless sensor network air pollution monitoring system. Int. J. Wireless Mobile Networks 2, 2 (2010), 31--45.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Kim and J. Lee. 2011a. Energy adaptive MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks with RF energy transfer. In Proceedings of the 2011 Third International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN’11). IEEE, 89--94.Google Scholar
J. Kim and J. Lee. 2011b. Performance analysis of the energy adaptive MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks with RF energy transfer. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on ICT Convergence (ICTC’11). IEEE, 14--19.Google Scholar
S. Kim, S. Pakzad, D. Culler, J. Demmel, G. Fenves, S. Glaser, and M. Turon. 2007. Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’07). IEEE, 254--263. Google ScholarDigital Library
Y. Kim, C. W. Park, and T. Lee. 2014. MAC protocol for energy-harvesting users in cognitive radio networks. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (ICUIMC’14). ACM, New York, NY. Google ScholarDigital Library
M. Kochlan, S. Zak, J. Micek, and J. Milanova. 2015. Control unit for power subsystem of a wireless sensor node. In Proceedings of the 2015 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS’15). IEEE, 1239--1246.Google Scholar
A. Kollias and I. Nikolaidis. 2015. Seasonally aware routing for thermoelectric energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Smart Cities and Green ICT Systems (SMARTGREENS’15). IEEE, 1--11. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Koubaa, M. Alves, and E. Tovar. 2006. Modeling and worst-case dimensioning of cluster-tree wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2006 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS’06). IEEE, 412--421. Google ScholarDigital Library
O. Kovář. 2013. Power unit based on supercapacitors and solar cell module. In Proceedings in Scientific Conference. EDIS Publishing Institution of the University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic, 468--471.Google Scholar
M. Ku, W. Li, Y. Chen, and K. J. R. Liu. 2016. Advances in energy-harvesting communications: Past, present, and future challenges. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 18, 2 (2016), 1384--1412.Google ScholarDigital Library
M. Kunikawa, H. Yomo, K. Abe, and T. Ito. 2015. A fair polling scheme for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC’15). IEEE, 1--5.Google Scholar
P. J. Landrigan and R. Fuller. 2016. Pollution, health and development: The need for a new paradigm. Rev. Environ. Health 31, 1 (2016), 121--124.Google ScholarCross Ref
M. T. Lazarescu. 2015. Design and field test of a WSN platform prototype for long-term environmental monitoring. Sensors 15, 4 (2015), 9481--9518.Google ScholarCross Ref
T. N. Le, A. Pegatoquet, O. Berder, and O. Sentieys. 2015. Energy-efficient power manager and MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks powered by periodic energy-harvesting sources. IEEE Sensors J. 15, 12 (2015), 7208--7220.Google ScholarCross Ref
R. Lee, K. Chen, C. Lai, S. Chiang, H. Liu, and M. Wei. 2007. A backup routing with wireless sensor network for bridge monitoring system. Measurement 40, 1 (2007), 55--63.Google ScholarCross Ref
V. Leonov. 2013. Thermoelectric energy harvesting of human body heat for wearable sensors. IEEE Sensors J. 13, 6 (2013), 2284--2291.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Li and D. Liu. 2015. DPSO-based clustering routing algorithm for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP’15). IEEE, 1--5.Google Scholar
Y. Li, L. Fu, Y. Ying, Y. Sun, K. Chi, and Y. Zhu. 2017. Goodput optimization via dynamic frame length and charging time adaptation for backscatter communication. Peer-to-Peer Network. Appl. 10, 3 (2017), 440--452.Google ScholarCross Ref
Y. Li and R. Shi. 2015. An intelligent solar energy-harvesting system for wireless sensor networks. EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Network. 2015, 1 (2015), 1--12.Google ScholarCross Ref
Y. Li, H. Yu, B. Su, and Y. Shang. 2008. Hybrid micropower source for wireless sensor network. IEEE Sensors J. 8, 6 (June 2008), 678--681.Google ScholarCross Ref
Libelium. 2016. Waspmote Plug and Sense&excl;Technical Guide. Retrieved from http://www.libelium.com/products/plug-sense/technical-overview.Google Scholar
T. B. Lim, N. M. Lee, and B. K. Poh. 2013. Feasibility study on ambient RF energy harvesting for wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-BIO’13). IEEE, 1--3. Google ScholarDigital Library
S. Lin, J. Zhang, G. Zhou, L. Gu, J. A. Stankovic, and T. He. 2006. ATPC: Adaptive transmission power control for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 223--236. Google ScholarDigital Library
H. I. Liu, W. J. He, and W. K. Seah. 2014. LEB-MAC: Load and energy balancing MAC protocol for energy-harvesting powered wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 20th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS’14). IEEE, 584--591.Google Scholar
T. Liu and A. E. Cerpa. 2014. Data-driven link quality prediction using link features. ACM Trans. Sensor Networks (TOSN) 10, 2 (2014), 37. Google ScholarDigital Library
O. López-Lapeña, M. T. Penella, and M. Gasulla. 2010. A new MPPT method for low-power solar energy harvesting. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 57, 9 (2010), 3129--3138.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Lu, V. Raghunathan, and K. Roy. 2010. Maximum power point considerations in micro-scale solar energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS’10). 273--276.Google Scholar
J. Lu and K. Whitehouse. 2012. SunCast: Fine-grained prediction of natural sunlight levels for improved daylight harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’12). IEEE, Beijing, China, 245--256. Google ScholarDigital Library
X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim, and Z. Han. 2015. Wireless networks with RF energy harvesting: A contemporary survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 17, 2 (2015), 757--789.Google ScholarDigital Library
J. P. Lynch and K. J. Loh. 2006. A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring. Shock Vibrat. Digest 38, 2 (2006), 91--130.Google ScholarCross Ref
L. Ma, B. Li, Z. B. Yang, J. Du, and J. Wang. 2014. A new combination prediction model for short-term wind farm output power based on meteorological data collected by wsn. Int. J. Control Autom. 7 (2014), 171--180.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. V. Mahamuni. 2016. A military surveillance system based on wireless sensor networks with extended coverage life. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Global Trends in Signal Processing, Information Computing and Communication (ICGTSPICC’16). IEEE, 375--381.Google ScholarCross Ref
W. Mao and B. Hassibi. 2017. Capacity analysis of discrete energy-harvesting channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 63, 9 (2017), 5850--5885.Google ScholarDigital Library
Marlow. 2016. TECHNICAL DATA SHEET Preliminary EHA-LXXAN1-R02-L1. Retrieved from http://www.marlow.com/downloads/dl/file/id/26/product/181/eha_lxxlxx_r01_l1_pre_production.pdf.Google Scholar
G. Martinez, S. Li, and C. Zhou. 2014a. Multi-commodity online maximum lifetime utility routing for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings fo the 2014 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 106--111.Google Scholar
G. Martinez, S. Li, and C. Zhou. 2014b. Wastage-aware routing in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sensors J. 14, 9 (2014), 2967--2974.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Meng, X. Zhang, Y. Dong, and X. Lin. 2012. Adaptive energy-harvesting aware clustering routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 7th International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China (CHINACOM’12). IEEE, 742--747.Google Scholar
G. V. Merrett, N. M. White, N. R. Harris, and B. M. Al-Hashimi. 2009. Energy-aware simulation for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE SECON. Google ScholarDigital Library
MIDE. 2014. QPK-1001. Retrieved from http://www.mide.com/pdfs/quickpack-qpk-1001-datasheet.pdf.Google Scholar
Z. Mihajlovic, A. Joza, V. Milosavljevic, V. Rajs, and M. Zivanov. 2015. Energy-harvesting wireless sensor node for monitoring of surface water. In Proceedings of the 2015 21st International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC’15). IEEE, 1--6.Google Scholar
I. Minakov and R. Passerone. 2013. PASES: An energy-aware design space exploration framework for wireless sensor networks. J. Syst. Architect. 59, 8 (Sept. 2013). Google ScholarDigital Library
R. Morais, S. G. Matos, M. A. Fernandes, A. L. Valente, S. F. Soares, P. Ferreira, and M. Reis. 2008. Sun, wind and water flow as energy supply for small stationary data acquisition platforms. Comput. Electron. Agricult. 64, 2 (2008), 120--132. Google ScholarDigital Library
X. Morelli, C. Rieux, J. Cyrys, B. Forsberg, and R. Slama. 2016. Air pollution, health and social deprivation: A fine-scale risk assessment. Environ. Res. 147 (2016), 59--70.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Moser, L. Thiele, D. Brunelli, and L. Benini. 2007. Adaptive power management in energy-harvesting systems. In Proceedings of the 2007 Design, Automation Test in Europe Conference Exhibition. IEEE, 1--6. Google ScholarDigital Library
M. S. Motlagh, M. B. Khuzani, and P. Mitran. 2015. On lossy joint source-channel coding in energy-harvesting communication systems. IEEE Trans. Commun. 63, 11 (Nov 2015), 4433--4447.Google Scholar
S. Muthukarpagam, V. Niveditta, and S. Neduncheliyan. 2010. Design issues, topology issues, quality of service support for wireless sensor networks: Survey and research challenges. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 1, 6 (2010), 1--4.Google Scholar
F. Nack. 2010. An overview on wireless sensor networks. Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Freie Universität, Berlin (2010).Google Scholar
A. Nadeau, G. Sharma, and T. Soyata. 2014. State-of-charge estimation for supercapacitors: A Kalman filtering formulation. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP’14). IEEE, 2194--2198.Google Scholar
M. Y. Naderi, P. Nintanavongsa, and K. R. Chowdhury. 2014. RF-MAC: A medium access control protocol for re-chargeable sensor networks powered by wireless energy harvesting. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 13, 7 (July 2014), 3926--3937.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Nanavati and V. S. Deshpande. 2015. Performance analysis of wireless sensor network for propogation range. In Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Pervasive Computing (ICPC’15). IEEE, 1--3.Google Scholar
K. V. Naveen and S. S. Manjunath. 2011. A reliable ultracapacitor based solar energy-harvesting system for wireless sensor network enabled intelligent buildings. In Proceedings of the 2011 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Agent Multi-Agent Systems. 20--25.Google Scholar
K. Nguyen, V. Nguyen, D. Le, Y. Ji, D. A. Duong, and S. Yamada. 2014. ERI-MAC: An energy-harvested receiver-initiated MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Networks 2014 (2014).Google Scholar
Ltd Ningbo Yongjiang Shenzhou Photovoltaic Co.2015. 0.55W/4V Encapsulated Solar Panel. Retrieved from http://cnszgd.en.ec21.com/0.55W_4V_Encapsulated_Solar_Panel--2101891_2102227.html.Google Scholar
A. Noel, A. Abdaoui, A. Badawy, T. Elfouly, M. Ahmed, and M. Shehata. 2017. Structural health monitoring using wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. (2017).Google Scholar
D. K. Noh and K. Kang. 2011. Balanced energy allocation scheme for a solar-powered sensor system and its effects on network-wide performance. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 77, 5 (2011), 917--932. Google ScholarDigital Library
S. O’Donohoe. 2008. Always on: Advertising, marketing and media in an era of consumer control. Int. J. Advertis. 27, 4 (2008), 670--672.Google ScholarCross Ref
R. M. D. Omer and N. K. Al-Salihi. 2017. HealthMate: Smart wearable system for health monitoring (SWSHM). In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 14th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC’17). IEEE, 755--760.Google Scholar
F. Ongaro, S. Saggini, and P. Mattavelli. 2012. Li-ion battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage system for a long lifetime, photovoltaic-based wireless sensor network. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 27, 9 (2012), 3944--3952.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Oueis, R. Stanica, and F. Valois. 2016. Energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks: From characterization to duty cycle dimensioning. In Proceedings of the IEEE 13th International Conference on Mobile Ad hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS’16).Google Scholar
F. W. Owa. 2014. Water pollution: Sources, effects, control and management. Int. Lett. Natural Sci. 3 (2014), 6.Google Scholar
N. Pais, B. K. Cetin, N. Pratas, F. J. Velez, N. R. Prasad, R. Prasad et al. 2011. Cost-benefit aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with hybrid energy storage system. J. Green Engineer. 1, 2 (2011), 189--208.Google Scholar
A. Pantelopoulos and N. G. Bourbakis. 2010. A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis. IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybernet., Part C (Appl. Rev.) 40, 1 (2010), 1--12. Google ScholarDigital Library
J. A. Paradiso and T. Starner. 2005. Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics. IEEE Pervas. Comput. 4, 1 (Jan 2005), 18--27. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Parreño-Marchante, A. Alvarez-Melcon, M. Trebar, and P. Filippin. 2014. Advanced traceability system in aquaculture supply chain. J. Food Engineer. 122 (2014), 99--109.Google ScholarCross Ref
S. Peng and C. P. Low. 2013. Energy-neutral routing for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE, 2063--2067.Google Scholar
S. Peng, T. Wang, and C. P. Low. 2015. Energy-neutral clustering for energy-harvesting wireless sensors networks. Ad Hoc Networks 28 (2015), 1--16. Google ScholarDigital Library
D. P. Pereira, W. R. A. Dias, M. Braga, R. S. Barreto, C. M. S. Figueiredo, and V. Brilhante. 2008. Model to integration of RFID into wireless sensor network for tracking and monitoring animals. In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE’08). IEEE, 125--131. Google ScholarDigital Library
M. A. Perillo and W. B. Heinzelman. 2005. Wireless sensor network protocols. In Fundamental Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless and Mobile Networks. CRC Hall, New York, NY, 1--35.Google Scholar
PERPETUUM. 2013. Vibration Energy Harvesters. Retrieved from http://www.perpetuum.com/resources/Vibration\%20Energy\%20Harvester_Data\% 20Sheet_21Oct13.pdf.Google Scholar
M. Pinuela, P. D. Mitcheson, and S. Lucyszyn. 2013. Ambient RF energy harvesting in urban and semi-urban environments. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techniq. 61, 7 (July 2013), 2715--2726.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. R. Piorno, C. Bergonzini, D. Atienza, and T. S. Rosing. 2009. Prediction and management in energy harvested wireless sensor nodes. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE’09). IEEE, 6--10.Google Scholar
S. Pobering and N. Schwesinger. 2004. A novel hydropower harvesting device. In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on MEMS, NANO, and Smart Systems (ICMENS’04). IEEE, 480--485. Google ScholarDigital Library
D. Porcarelli, D. Spenza, D. Brunelli, A. Cammarano, C. Petrioli, and L. Benini. 2015. Adaptive rectifier driven by power intake predictors for wind energy-harvesting sensor networks. IEEE J. Emerg. Select. Topics Power Electron. 3, 2 (2015), 471--482.Google ScholarCross Ref
O. Postolache, J. D. Pereira, and P. S. Girão. 2014. Wireless sensor network-based solution for environmental monitoring: Water quality assessment case study. IET Sci., Measure. Technol. 8, 6 (2014), 610--616.Google Scholar
M. Potnuru and P. Ganti. 2003. Wireless sensor networks: Issues, challenges and survey of solutions. Proc. IEEE (2003), 2--18.Google Scholar
POWERCAST. 2015. P2110B 915MHz RF Powerharvester Receiver. Retrieved from http://www.powercastco.com/PDF/P1110-datasheet.pdf.Google Scholar
I. E. Radoi, J. Mann, and D. K. Arvind. 2015. Tracking and monitoring horses in the wild using wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob’15). IEEE, 732--739.Google Scholar
G. P. Ramesh and A. Rajan. 2014. Microstrip antenna designs for RF energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP’14). IEEE, Melmaruvathur, India, 1653--1657.Google Scholar
S. Rasaneh and T. Banirostam. 2013. A new structure and routing algorithm for optimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor network for disaster management. In Proceedings of the 2013 4th International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation. IEEE, 481--485. Google ScholarDigital Library
T. B. Reddy. 2010. Linden’s Handbook of Batteries: Set 2. McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, NY.Google Scholar
C. Rodriguez and G. A. J. Amaratunga. 2007. Analytic solution to the photovoltaic maximum power point problem. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. I: Reg. Papers 54, 9 (Sept 2007), 2054--2060.Google Scholar
S. Saha and M. Matsumoto. 2007. A framework for disaster management system and WSN protocol for rescue operation. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON’07). IEEE, 1--4.Google Scholar
Mariem Saida, Ghada Zaibi, Mounir Samet, and Abdennaceur Kachouri. 2016. Improvement of energy harvested from the heat of the human body. In Proceedings of the 2016 17th International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA’16). IEEE, 132--137.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Sánchez, S. Climent, S. Blanc, J. V. Capella, and I. Piqueras. 2011. WSN with energy harvesting: Modeling and simulation based on a practical architecture using real radiation levels. In Proceedings of the ACM International Workshop on Performance Monitoring, Measurement, and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Wireless and Wired Networks (PM2HW2N’11). Google ScholarDigital Library
P. Santi. 2005. Topology control in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. ACM Comput. Surveys (CSUR) 37, 2 (2005), 164--194. Google ScholarDigital Library
E. Sardini and M. Serpelloni. 2011. Self-powered wireless sensor for air temperature and velocity measurements with energy-harvesting capability. IEEE Trans. Instrument. Measure. 60, 5 (May 2011), 1838--1844.Google ScholarCross Ref
T. Sasikala and V. J. S. Kumar. 2016. Cross-layered MAC design for RF energy-harvesting sensor network. Circ. Syst. 7, 9 (2016), 2676.Google ScholarCross Ref
S. Satpathi, R. Nagda, and R. Vaze. 2016. Optimal offline and competitive online strategies for transmitter--Receiver energy harvesting. IEEE Trans. Info. Theory 62, 8 (2016), 4674--4695.Google ScholarDigital Library
V. V. R. Scarpa, S. Buso, and G. Spiazzi. 2009. Low-complexity MPPT technique exploiting the PV module MPP locus characterization. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 56, 5 (May 2009), 1531--1538.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. B. Schmitt and U. Roedig. 2005a. Sensor network calculus--A framework for worst-case analysis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems. Springer, 141--154. Google ScholarDigital Library
J. B. Schmitt and U. Roedig. 2005b. Worst case dimensioning of wireless sensor networks under uncertain topologies. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Resource Allocation in Wireless NETworks (RAWNET'05). Trento, Italy.Google Scholar
J. B. Schmitt, F. A. Zdarsky, and U. Roedig. 2006. Sensor network calculus with multiple sinks. In Proceedings of the Performance Control in Wireless Sensor Networks Workshop at the 2006 IFIP Networking Conference. 6--13.Google Scholar
W. K. Seah, Z. A. Eu, and H. Tan. 2009. Wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy-harvesting (WSN-HEAP)-Survey and challenges. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE’09). IEEE, 1--5.Google Scholar
F. Shahzad and T. R. Sheltami. 2015. An efficient MAC scheme in wireless sensor network with energy harvesting (EHWSN) for cloud based applications. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 40th Local Computer Networks Conference Workshops (LCN Workshops’15). IEEE, 783--788. Google ScholarDigital Library
F. K. Shaikh and S. Zeadally. 2016a. Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review. Ren. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55 (2016), 1041--1054.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. Karim Shaikh and S. Zeadally. 2016b. Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55 (2016), 1041--1054.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Shao, H. Roh, T. Kim, and W. Lee. 2016. Multisource wireless energy-harvesting-based medium access control for rechargeable sensors. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 62, 2 (2016), 119--127. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Sharma, M. Agrawal, M. Sondhi, and A. K. Singh. 2016. Analysis and simulation of energy efficient optimal scenarios for cluster based routing protocol in wireless sensor network. J. Network Secur. Comput. Networks 2, 1 (2016), 228--238.Google Scholar
N. Sharma, J. Gummeson, D. Irwin, and P. Shenoy. 2010a. Cloudy computing: Leveraging weather forecasts in energy-harvesting sensor systems. In Proceedings of the 2010 7th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON’10). IEEE, 1--9.Google Scholar
V. Sharma, U. Mukherji, V. Joseph, and S. Gupta. 2010b. Optimal energy management policies for energy-harvesting sensor nodes. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 9, 4 (April 2010), 1326--1336. Google ScholarDigital Library
D. Shaviv, P.-M. Nguyen, and A. Özgür. 2016. Capacity of the energy-harvesting channel with a finite battery. IEEE Trans. Info. Theory 62, 11 (2016), 6436--6458. Google ScholarDigital Library
Y. Shu, P. Cheng, Y. Gu, J. Chen, and T. He. 2015. TOC: Localizing wireless rechargeable sensors with time of charge. ACM Trans. Sensor Networks (TOSN) 11, 3 (2015), 44. Google ScholarDigital Library
Y. Shu, K. G. Shin, J. Chen, and Y. Sun. 2017. Joint energy replenishment and operation scheduling in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Industr. Info. 13, 1 (2017), 125--134.Google ScholarCross Ref
Y. Shu, H. Yousefi, P. Cheng, J. Chen, Y. J. Gu, T. He, and K. G. Shin. 2016. Near-optimal velocity control for mobile charging in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 15, 7 (2016), 1699--1713.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. I. Simjee and P. H. Chou. 2008. Efficient charging of supercapacitors for extended lifetime of wireless sensor nodes. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 23, 3 (May 2008), 1526--1536.Google ScholarCross Ref
S. K. Singh, M. P. Singh, D. K. Singh et al. 2010. Routing protocols in wireless sensor networks--A survey. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. Survey (IJCSES) 1 (2010), 63--83.Google ScholarCross Ref
A. Sinha and A. Chandrakasan. 2001. Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Design Test Comput. 18, 2 (2001), 62--74. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. Sinha and P. Chaporkar. 2012. Optimal power allocation for a renewable energy source. In Proceedings of the 2012 National Conference on Communications (NCC’12). IEEE, Kharagpur, 1--5.Google Scholar
J. Smith, A. Sample, P. Powledge, S. Roy, and A. Mamishev. 2006. A wirelessly-powered platform for sensing and computation. UbiComp 2006: Ubiquitous Computing (2006), 495--506. Google ScholarDigital Library
J. Sorber, A. Balasubramanian, M. D. Corner, J. R. Ennen, and C. Qualls. 2013. Tula: Balancing energy for sensing and communication in a perpetual mobile system. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 12, 4 (2013), 804--816. Google ScholarDigital Library
C. Sowmya, C. D. Naidu, R. P. Somineni, and D. R. Reddy. 2017. Implementation of wireless sensor network for real time overhead tank water quality monitoring. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 7th International Advance Computing Conference (IACC’17). 546--551.Google Scholar
STMicroelectronics. 2015. Ultralow power energy harvester and battery charger. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.st.com/st-web-ui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/datasheet/DM00100984.pdf.Google Scholar
S. Sudevalayam and P. Kulkarni. 2011. Energy-harvesting sensor nodes: Survey and implications. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutor. 13, 3 (2011), 443--461.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Sun and J. Hu. 2011. Experimental study on a vibratory generator based on impact of water current. In Proceedings of the 2011 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves and Device Applications (SPAWDA’11). IEEE, Shenzhen, China, 40--43.Google Scholar
A. J. Swati and R. Priyanka. 2010. Wireless sensor network (WSN): Architectural design issues and challenges. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. 02, 9 (2010), 3089--3094.Google Scholar
R. Szewczyk, J. Polastre, A. Mainwaring, and D. Culler. 2004. Lessons from a sensor network expedition. In Wireless Sensor Networks. Springer, New York, NY, 307--322.Google Scholar
S. R. K. Tabbakh, R. Maarefdoust, N. C. Kyun, and B. M. Ali. 2010. Environmental taxonomy of power scavenging techniques for autonomous self powered wireless sensors. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS’10). IEEE, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1031--1034.Google Scholar
Vamsi Talla, Bryce Kellogg, Benjamin Ransford, Saman Naderiparizi, Shyamnath Gollakota, and Joshua R. Smith. 2015. Powering the next billion devices with Wi-Fi. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies. ACM, 4. Google ScholarDigital Library
Q. Tan, W. An, Y. Han, Y. Liu, S. Ci, F. Shao, and H. Tang. 2015. Energy-harvesting aware topology control with power adaptation in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks 27 (2015), 44--56. Google ScholarDigital Library
Y. K. Tan and S. K. Panda. 2010a. Review of energy-harvesting technologies for sustainable wireless sensor network. In Sustainable Wireless Sensor Network, Yen Kheng Tan (Ed.). InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, Chapter 2, 15--43.Google Scholar
Y. K. Tan and S. K. Panda. 2010b. Sustainable wireless sensor networks. In Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks, Winston Seah and Yen Kheng Tan (Eds.). Intech, Shanghai, China, Chapter 2, 15--43.Google Scholar
Y. K. Tan and S. K. Panda. 2011. Energy harvesting from hybrid indoor ambient light and thermal energy sources for enhanced performance of wireless sensor nodes. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 58, 9 (2011), 4424--4435.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. Tapparello, H. Ayatollahi, and W. Heinzelman. 2014. Energy-harvesting framework for network simulator 3 (ns-3). In 2nd International Workshop on Energy Neutral Sensing Systems (ENSsys). IEEE, Memphis, TN, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
G. W. Taylor, J. R. Burns, S. M. Kammann, W. B. Powers, and T. R. Wel. 2001. The energy-harvesting eel: A small subsurface ocean/river power generator. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 26, 4 (2001), 539--547.Google ScholarCross Ref
Wang Yun Toh, Yen Kheng Tan, Wee Song Koh, and Liter Siek. 2014. Autonomous wearable sensor nodes with flexible energy harvesting. IEEE Sensors J. 14, 7 (2014), 2299--2306.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. Touati, A. Galli, D. Crescini, P. Crescini, and A. Ben Mnaouer. 2015. Feasibility of air quality monitoring systems based on environmental energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC’15). IEEE, Pisa, Italy, 266--271.Google Scholar
Kaya Tutuncuoglu, Omur Ozel, Aylin Yener, and Sennur Ulukus. 2013. Binary energy-harvesting channel with finite-energy storage. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory Proceedings (ISIT’13). IEEE, 1591--1595.Google ScholarCross Ref
Kaya Tutuncuoglu, Omur Ozel, Aylin Yener, and Sennur Ulukus. 2017. The binary energy-harvesting channel with a unit-sized battery. IEEE Trans. Info. Theory (2017).Google ScholarDigital Library
Milica Pejanović Đurišić, Zhilbert Tafa, Goran Dimić, and Veljko Milutinović. 2012. A survey of military applications of wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2012 Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO’12). IEEE, 196--199.Google Scholar
U.S. ARMY TARDEC. 2014. U.S. Army’s Ground Vehicle Energy Storage. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.arpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/Toomey_RANGE_Kickoff_2014.pdf.Google Scholar
J. Varghese and S. V. Rao. 2014. Energy efficient exponential decision MAC for energy-harvesting-wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Advances in Green Energy (ICAGE’14). IEEE, 239--244.Google Scholar
Shanthi Vellingiri, Apala Ray, and Mallikarjun Kande. 2013. Wireless infrastructure for oil and gas inventory management. In Proceedings of the 2013 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON’13). IEEE, 5461--5466.Google ScholarCross Ref
C. M. Vigorito, D. Ganesan, and A. G. Barto. 2007. Adaptive control of duty cycling in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON’07). IEEE, 21--30.Google Scholar
K. Vijayaraghavan and R. Rajamani. 2008. Active control based energy harvesting for battery-lesswireless traffic sensors: Theory and experiments. In Proceedings of the American Control Conference. IEEE, 4579--4584.Google Scholar
K. Vijayaraghavan and R. Rajamani. 2010. Novel batteryless wireless sensor for traffic-flow measurement. IEEE Trans. Vehic. Technol. 59, 7 (Sept. 2010), 3249--3260.Google ScholarCross Ref
M. Virili, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, K. Niotaki, P. Mezzanotte, L. Roselli, F. Alimenti, and N. B. Carvalho. 2015. Performance improvement of rectifiers for WPT exploiting thermal energy harvesting. Wireless Power Transfer 2, 01 (2015), 22--31.Google ScholarCross Ref
M. Virili, A. Georgiadis, F. Mira, A. Collado, F. Alimenti, P. Mezzanotte, and L. Roselli. 2016. EH performance of an hybrid energy harvester for autonomous nodes. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks (WiSNet’16). IEEE, 71--74.Google Scholar
M. Virili, A. Georgiadis, K. Niotaki, A. Collado, F. Alimenti, P. Mezzanotte, L. Roselli, and N. B. Carvalho. 2014. Design and optimization of an antenna with thermo-electric generator (TEG) for autonomous wireless nodes. In Proceedings of the RFID Technology and Applications Conference (RFID-TA’14). IEEE, 21--25.Google Scholar
Z. G. Wan, Y. K. Tan, and C. Yuen. 2011. Review on energy harvesting and energy management for sustainable wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 13th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT’11). IEEE, Jinan, China, 362--367.Google Scholar
C. Wang, Y. Huang, X. Zheng, T. Lin, C. Chuang, and J. Jiang. 2012. A self sustainable air quality monitoring system using WSN. In Proceedings of the 2012 5th IEEE International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA’12). IEEE, 1--6. Google ScholarDigital Library
D. Wang and N. Liu. 2011. A shear mode piezoelectric energy harvester based on a pressurized water flow. SensorsActuat. A: Phys. 167, 2 (2011), 449--458.Google ScholarCross Ref
H. Wang and R. Simon. 2016. Modelling wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting: A stochastic calculus approach. In Proceedings of the 2016 14th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks (WiOpt’16). IEEE, 1--8.Google Scholar
J. Wang, H. Wang, J. He, L. Li, M. Shen, X. Tan, H. Min, and L. Zheng. 2015. Wireless sensor network for real-time perishable food supply chain management. Comput. Electron. Agricult. 110 (2015), 196--207. Google ScholarDigital Library
T. Wang. 2012a. Water Quality Monitoring System based on WSN. Master’s thesis. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.Google Scholar
Xudong Wang. 2012b. Piezoelectric nanogenerators Harvesting ambient mechanical energy at the nanometer scale. Nano Energy 1, 1 (2012), 13--24.Google ScholarCross Ref
X. Wang, V. S. Rao, R. V. Prasad, and I. Niemegeers. 2016b. Choose wisely: Topology control in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2016 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications Networking Conference (CCNC’16). IEEE, 1054--1059.Google Scholar
Y-P Eric Wang, Xingqin Lin, Ansuman Adhikary, Asbjörn Grövlen, Yutao Sui, Yufei Blankenship, Johan Bergman, and Hazhir S. Razaghi. 2016a. A primer on 3gpp narrowband internet of things (nb-iot). arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.04171 (2016).Google Scholar
T. Wark, P. Corke, P. Sikka, L. Klingbeil, Y. Guo, C. Crossman, P. Valencia, D. Swain, and G. Bishop-Hurley. 2007. Transforming agriculture through pervasive wireless sensor networks. IEEE Pervas. Comput. 6, 2 (2007), 50--57. Google ScholarDigital Library
A. S. Weddell, G. V. Merrett, T. J. Kazmierski, and B. M. Al-Hashimi. 2011. Accurate supercapacitor modeling for energy-harvesting wireless sensor nodes. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Express Briefs 58, 12 (Dec 2011), 911--915.Google Scholar
WHO. 2014. Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/.Google Scholar
M. N. Wijesundara, C. Tapparello, A. Gamage, Y. Gokulan, L. Gittelson, T. Howard, and W. Heinzelman. 2016. Design of a kinetic energy harvester for elephant mounted wireless sensor nodes of jumbonet. In Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM’16). IEEE, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
P. Woias, F. Schule, P. Mehne, M. Kroener et al. 2014. Thermal energy harvesting from wildlife. In J. Phys.: Conf. Series, Vol. 557. IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK, 012084.Google Scholar
H. Wu, S. Nabar, and R. Poovendran. 2011. An energy framework for the network simulator 3 (NS-3). In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on SIMUTools. Barcelona, Spain. Google ScholarDigital Library
K. Wu, Y. Jiang, and D. Marinakis. 2012. A stochastic calculus for network systems with renewable energy sources. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS’12). IEEE, 109--114.Google Scholar
Y. Wu and W. Liu. 2013. Routing protocol based on genetic algorithm for energy-harvesting-wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Syst. IET 3, 2 (2013), 112--118.Google ScholarCross Ref
L. Xia, J. Cheng, N. E Glover, and P. Chiang. 2014. 0.56V,--20 dBm RF-powered, multi-node wireless body area network system-on-a-chip with harvesting-efficiency tracking loop. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 49, 6 (2014), 1345--1355.Google ScholarCross Ref
F. H. Yahaya, Y. M. Yussoff, R. A. Rahman, and N. H. Abidin. 2009. Performance analysis of wireless sensor network. In Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications. IEEE, 400--405.Google Scholar
G. Yang, B. H. Stark, S. J. Hollis, and S. G. Burrow. 2014. Challenges for energy-harvesting systems under intermittent excitation. IEEE J. Emerg. Select. Topics Circuits Syst. 4, 3 (Sept 2014), 364--374.Google Scholar
R. Yao, W. Wang, K. Sohraby, S. Jin, Sunho Lim, and H. Zhu. 2012. A weight-optimized source rate optimization approach in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM’12). IEEE, 1789--1793.Google Scholar
G. Ye and K. Soga. 2011. Energy harvesting from water distribution systems. J. Energy Eng. 138, 1 (2011), 7--17.Google ScholarCross Ref
J. Yick, B. Mukherjee, and D. Ghosal. 2008. Wireless sensor network survey. Comput. Networks 52, 12 (2008), 2292--2330. Google ScholarDigital Library
H. U. Yildiz, B. Tavli, and H. Yanikomeroglu. 2016. Transmission power control for link-level handshaking in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sensors J. 16, 2 (Jan 2016), 561--576.Google ScholarCross Ref
H. Yoo, M. Shim, and D. Kim. 2012. Dynamic duty-cycle scheduling schemes for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 16, 2 (2012), 202--204.Google ScholarCross Ref
I. Yoon, D. K. Noh, and H. Shin. 2015. Energy-aware hierarchical topology control for wireless sensor networks with energy-harvesting nodes. Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Networks 2015 (2015), 121. Google ScholarDigital Library
I. Yoon, J. M. Yi, S. Jeong, J. Jeon, and D. K. Noh. 2016. Dynamic sensing-rate control scheme using a selective data-compression for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. IEMEK J. Embed. Syst. Appl. 11, 2 (2016), 79--86.Google ScholarCross Ref
H. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Shang, and B. Su. 2008. Design and investigation of photovoltaic and thermoelectric hybrid power source for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS’08). IEEE, 196--201.Google Scholar
F. Zhai, Y. Eisenberg, and A. K. Katsaggelos. 2005. Joint source-Channel coding for video communications. Handbook of Image and Video Processing (2005).Google Scholar
B. Zhang, R. Simon, and H. Aydin. 2011. Maximum utility rate allocation for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 7--16. Google ScholarDigital Library
D. Zhang, Z. Chen, H. Zhou, L. Chen, and X. S. Shen. 2016a. Energy-balanced cooperative transmission based on relay selection and power control in energy-harvesting wireless sensor network. Comput. Networks 104 (2016), 189--197. Google ScholarDigital Library
J. Zhang, X. Luo, C. Chen, Z. Liu, and S. Cao. 2014. A wildlife monitoring system based on wireless image sensor networks. Sensors Transducers 180, 10 (2014), 104--109.Google Scholar
P. Zhang, C. M. Sadler, S. A. Lyon, and M. Martonosi. 2004. Hardware design experiences in ZebraNet. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. ACM, New York, NY, 227--238. Google ScholarDigital Library
P. Zhang, G. Xiao, and H. Tan. 2013. Clustering algorithms for maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks with energy-harvesting sensors. Comput. Networks 57, 14 (2013), 2689--2704.Google ScholarCross Ref
R. Zhang and C. K. Ho. 2013. MIMO broadcasting for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 12, 5 (2013), 1989--2001.Google ScholarCross Ref
Y. Zhang, S. He, and J. Chen. 2016b. Data gathering optimization by dynamic sensing and routing in rechargeable sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 24, 3 (2016), 1632--1646. Google ScholarDigital Library
Y. Zhang, S. He, J. Chen, Y. Sun, and X. S. Shen. 2013. Distributed sampling rate control for rechargeable sensor nodes with limited battery capacity. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 12, 6 (2013), 3096--3106.Google ScholarCross Ref
Y. Zhao, B. Chen, and R. Zhang. 2013. Optimal power allocation for an energy-harvesting estimation system. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP’13). IEEE. 4549--4553.Google Scholar
G. Zhou, L. Huang, W. Li, and Z. Zhu. 2014. Harvesting ambient environmental energy for wireless sensor networks: A Survey. J. Sensors 2014, Article 815467 (2014), 20 pages.Google Scholar
Q. Zhu, M. Guan, and Y. He. 2012. Vibration energy harvesting in automobiles to power wireless sensors. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Information and Automation (ICIA’12). IEEE. 349--354.Google Scholar
Y. Zou, J. Peng, K. Liu, F. Jiang, and H. Lu. 2016. Energy-efficent cooperative spectrum sensing for cognitive sensor networks with energy harvesting. In Proceedings of the 2016 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC’16). IEEE, 2373--2378.Google Scholar

Index Terms

Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs): A Review

Recommendations

A hardware/software simulation environment for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks
PE-WASUN '12: Proceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Performance evaluation of wireless ad hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of wirelessly communicating nodes with an autarkic power supply for each node. Typically, the consumable energy of these nodes is very limited. Energy harvesting systems (EHSs) can be used to extend the lifetime ...
Read More
Analyzing lifetime of energy harvesting wireless multimedia sensor nodes in industrial environments

Multimedia data transmission causes faster depletion of sensor node's batteries.The impacts of compression and energy harvesting on node's lifetime are analyzed.Adopting energy harvesting and compression is shown to prolong node's lifetime. Recently, ...
Read More
Energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks: applications and challenges in smart grid

The electric power grid is experiencing a transformation to the smart grid. One crucial step for this evolution is to establish a nationwide digital communication system which enables pervasive control and real-time monitoring of the power grid. ...
Read More

Comments

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

Published in
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks Volume 14, Issue 2
May 2018
275 pages
ISSN:1550-4859
EISSN:1550-4867
DOI:10.1145/3203093
Editor:
Yunhao Liu
Tsinghua University, China
Issue’s Table of Contents
Copyright © 2018 ACM
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]
Sponsors
In-Cooperation
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States

Journal Family
ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems
Publication History
- Published: 27 April 2018
- Accepted: 1 January 2018
- Revised: 1 October 2017
- Received: 1 November 2016
Published in tosn Volume 14, Issue 2

Permissions
Request permissions about this article.
Request Permissions

Check for updates
Author Tags
Wireless sensor networks
energy harvesting
energy scavenging
self-powered devices
Qualifiers
- research-article
- Research
- Refereed
Conference
Funding Sources
Other Metrics
View Article Metrics

Article Metrics
- 270
  Total Citations
  View Citations
- 6,303
  Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)1,026
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)120
Other Metrics
View Author Metrics
Cited By
View all

PDF Format

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs): A Review

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks

Abstract

References

Cited By

Index Terms

Recommendations

A hardware/software simulation environment for energy harvesting wireless sensor networks

Analyzing lifetime of energy harvesting wireless multimedia sensor nodes in industrial environments

Energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks: applications and challenges in smart grid