Ben Shneiderman
David Feldman
ABSTRACT
Digital library search results are usually shown as a textual list, with 10-20 items per page. Viewing several thousand search results at once on a two-dimensional display with continuous variables is a promising alternative. Since these displays can overwhelm some users, we created a simplified two-dimensional display that uses categorical and hierarchical axes, called hieraxes. Users appreciate the meaningful and limited number of terms on each hieraxis. At each grid point of the display we show a cluster of color-coded dots or a bar chart. Users see the entire result set and can then click on labels to move down a level in the hierarchy. Handling broad hierarchies and arranging for imposed hierarchies led to additional design innovations. We applied hieraxes to a digital video library of science topics used by middle school teachers, a legal information system, and a technical library using the ACM Computing Classification System. Feedback from usability testing with 32 subjects revealed strengths and weaknesses.
- Ahlberg, Christopher and Shneiderman, Ben, Visual information seeking: Tight coupling of dynamic query filters with starfield displays, Proc. CHI'94 Conference: Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, New York, (1994), 313-321 + color plates. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Ahlberg, Christopher and Wistrand, Erik, IVEE: An information visualization & exploration environment, Proc. IEEE Information Visualization '95, IEEE Computer Press, Los Alamitos, CA (1995), 66-73. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Allen, Robert B., Two digital library interfaces that exploit hierarchical structure, Proc. DAGS95: Electronic Publishing and the Information Superhighway (1995).Google Scholar
- Allen, R. B., Retrieval from facet spaces, Electronic Publishing, (1995), 247-257, 8.Google Scholar
- Card, Stuart, Mackinlay, Jock, and Shneiderman, Ben, Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think, Morgan Kaufmann Publ., San Francisco (1999). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chalmers, M. and Chitson, P, BEAD: Exploration in information visualization, Proc. ACM SIGIR Conference, ACM, New York (1992), 330-337. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chimera, R. and Shneiderman, B., An exploratory evaluation of three interfaces for browsing large hierarchical tables of contents, ACM Transactions on Information Systems 12, 4 (October 1994), 383-406. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fox, Edward A., Hix, Deborah, Nowell, Lucy T., Brueni, Dennis J., Wake, William C., Heath, S. Lenwood, and Rao, Durgesh, Users, user interfaces, and objects: Envision, a digital library, Journal of the American Society for Information Science 44, 8 (1993), 480-491. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hearst, Marti and Karadi, Chandhu, Cat-a-Cone: An interactive interface for specifying searchers and viewing retrieval results using a large category hierarchy, Proc. 20th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference, ACM, New York (1997), 246 - 255. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Johnson, Brian, and Shneiderman, Ben, Tree-maps: A spacefilling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures, Proc. IEEE Visualization'91, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (1991), 284-291. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kim, H. and Korfhage, R., BIRD: Browsing Interface for the Retrieval of Documents, Proc. of IEEE Symposium on Visual Language'94, IEEE (1994), 176-177.Google Scholar
- Nation, David A., Plaisant, Catherine, Marchionini, Gary, and Komlodi, Anita, Visualizing websites using a hierarchical table of contents browser: WebTOC, Proc. 3rd Conference on Human Factors and the Web, (June 1997). http://www.uswest.com/web-conference/proceedings/nation. htmlGoogle Scholar
- Nowell, Lucy Terry, France, Robert K., Hix, Deborah, Heath, Lenwood S., and Fox, Edward A. Visualizing search results: Some alternatives to query-document similarity, Proc. 19th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference, ACM, New York (August 1996), 67-75. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pratt, Wanda, Dynamic organization of search results using the UMLS, Proc. American Medical Informatics Association Symposium (1997).Google Scholar
- Rose, A., Ding, W., Marchionini, G., Beale Jr., J., Nolet, V., Building an electronic learning community: From design to implementation, Proceedings of CHI'98: Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, New York (1998), 203-210. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shneiderman, Ben, Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction, Addison Wesley Longman Publishers, Reading, MA (1998), Chapter 15. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wise, James A., Thomas, James, J., Pennock, Kelly, Lantrip, David, Pottier, Marc, Schur, Anne, and Crow, Vern, Visualizing the non-visual: Spatial analysis and interaction with information from text documents, Proc. IEEE Information Visualization '95, IEEE Computer Press, Los Alamitos, CA (1995), 51-58. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Visualizing digital library search results with categorical and hierarchical axes
Recommendations
Metadata-enhanced visual interfaces to digital libraries
Information visualization offers a variety of ways in which digital library collections can be represented on the interface and shown to the user. Metadata, a key component of solid digital libraries, has been utilized to enhance visual user interfaces ...
Building interoperable digital library services: MARIAN, open archives, and the NDLTD
SIGIR '01: Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrievalIn this demonstration, we present interoperable and personalized search services for the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD). Using standard protocols and software, including those specified by the Open Archives Initiative (OAI)...
Teaching digital library concepts using digital library applications
Many digital library topics may be taught using digital library applications, in the context of project-based digital library courses. Several digital library applications exist, and these applications are used as teaching tools to illustrate the ...
Comments