ABSTRACT
This paper quantifies the benefits and usability problems associated with eye-based pointing direct interaction on a standard graphical user interface. It shows where and how, with the addition of a second supporting modality, the typically poor performance and subjective assessment of eye-based pointing devices can be improved to match the performance of other assistive technology devices. It shows that target size is the overriding factor affecting device performance and that when target sizes are artificially increased by 'zooming in' on the interface under the control of a supporting modality then eye-based pointing becomes a viable and usable interaction methodology for people with high-level motor disabilities.
- Bates, R. Multimodal Eye-based Interaction for Zoomed Target Selection on a Standard Graphical User Interface, in Proceedings of Interact'99 vol. II 7--8 British Computer Society, 1999.Google Scholar
- Bates, R., Bierton, R. Experimental determination of quantifiers for usability questionnaire design, in Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction 2000 vol. II, 57--58, British Computer Society, 2000.Google Scholar
- Bevan, N., Kirakowski, J., Maissel, J. What is usability?, in Human Aspects in Computing: Design and Use of Interactive Systems and Work with Terminals, Elsevier Science, 1991.Google Scholar
- Bierton, R., Bates, R. Experimental determination of optimal scales for usability questionnaire design, in Proceedings of Human Computer Interaction 2000 vol. II, British Computer Society, 55--56.Google Scholar
- Carpenter, R.H.S. Eye movements, MacMillan, 1991.Google Scholar
- Edwards, G. New Software makes eye tracking viable: You can control computers with your eyes, in Proceedings of CSUN Technology and Persons with Disabilities Conference 1998, California State University Northridge.Google Scholar
- Goldberg, J.H. Schryver J.C. Eye-gaze control of the computer interface: disrimination of zoom intent, in Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting, Human Factors Society, 1993.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hart, S. G., Staveland, L. E. Development of the NASA-tlx (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research, in Human Mental Workload, 139--183, Elsevier, 1988.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Istance, H. Howarth, PA. Keeping an eye on your interface: The potential for eye-based control of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), in Proceedings of HCI'94 People and Computers IX 195--209, Cambridge University Press, 1994. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Istance, H. Spinner, C. Howarth, P.A. Eye-based control of standard GUI software, in Proceedings of People and Computers XI HCI'96 142--158, Springer, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jacob, R.J.K. The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: What you look at is what you get, ACM Transactions on Information Systems 9, 3, 152--169, 1991. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jacob, R.J.K. Eye tracking in advanced interface design, in Advanced Interface Design and Virtual Environments, 258--288, Oxford University Press, 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lankford, C. Effective eye-gaze input into windows, in Proceedings of the Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium 2000, 23--27 ACM press, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- MacKenzie, I.S., Kauppinen, T., Silfverberg, M. Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices, in Proceedings of CHI 2001, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Macleod, M., Bowden, R., Bevan, N., Curson, I. The MUSIC performance measurement method, in Behaviour and Information Technology, 16, 4/5, 279--293, Crown, 1997.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Saito, S. Does fatigue exist in a quantitative measurement of eye movements? Ergonomics 35 5/6, 607--615, 1992.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Salvucci, D.D. Anderson, J.R. Intelligent gaze-added interfaces, in Proceedings of CHI 2000, 2, ACM Press, 273--280. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sibert, L.E. Jacob, R.J.K. Evaluation of eye gaze interaction, in Proceedings of CHI 2000, 2, ACM Press, 281--288. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Smith, W. J. ISO and ANSI ergonomic standards for computer products: A guide to implementation and compliance. Prentice Hall, New York, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Szczur, M. Usability testing - on a budget: a NASA usability test case study. In Behaviour and Information Technology, 13, no. 1 and 2, 106--118, 1994.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Velichkovsky, B. Sprenger, A. Unema, P. Towards gaze mediated interaction: Collecting solutions of the "midas touch" problem, in Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT'97, Chapman & Hall, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Virzi, R. A. Refining the test phase of usability evaluation: How many subjects is enough? Human Factors, 34, 4, 457--468, 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ware, C. Mikaelian, H.H. An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input, in Proceedings of CHI 1987, 183--188, ACM Press. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dolphin Computer Access Ltd. Technology House, Blackpole Estate West, Worcester, WR3 8TJ, UK. www.dolphinuk.co.ukGoogle Scholar
- Polhemus Incorporated, 40 Hercules Drive, P.O. Box 560, Colchester, VT 05446, USA. www.polhemus.comGoogle Scholar
- SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH (SMI), Warthestraße 21, D-14513 Teltow/Berlin, Germany. www.smi.deGoogle Scholar
- Prentke Romich Company, 1022 Heyl Road, Wooster, OH 44691, USA. www.wivik.comGoogle Scholar
- Yarbus, A.L. Eye Movements and Vision, Plenum, New York, 1967.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- Zooming interfaces!: enhancing the performance of eye controlled pointing devices
Recommendations
Designing human-computer interfaces for quadriplegic people
The need for participation in an emerging Information Society has led to several research efforts for designing accessibility solutions for disabled people. In this paper we present a method for developing Human-Computer Interfaces (HCIs) for ...
Face tracking user interfaces using vision-based consumer devices
ASSETS '12: Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibilityOne form of natural user interaction with a personal computer is based on natural face movements. This is especially helpful for users who cannot effectively use common input devices with their hands but have sufficient control of their heads. Using ...
Pressure-sensitive zooming-out interfaces for one-handed mobile interaction
MobileHCI '18: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and ServicesWe present new alternative interfaces for zooming out on a mobile device: Bounce Back and Force Zoom. These interfaces are designed to be used with a single hand. They use a pressure-sensitive multitouch technology in which the pressure itself is used ...
Comments