Gang Zhou
Tian He
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we investigate the impact of radio irregularity on the communication performance in wireless sensor networks. Radio irregularity is a common phenomenon which arises from multiple factors, such as variance in RF sending power and different path losses depending on the direction of propagation. From our experiments, we discover that the variance in received signal strength is largely random; however, it exhibits a continuous change with incremental changes in direction. With empirical data obtained from the MICA2 platform, we establish a radio model for simulation, called the Radio Irregularity Model (RIM). This model is the first to bridge the discrepancy between spherical radio models used by simulators and the physical reality of radio signals. With this model, we are able to analyze the impact of radio irregularity on some of the well-known MAC and routing protocols. Our results show that radio irregularity has a significant impact on routing protocols, but a relatively small impact on MAC protocols. Finally, we propose six solutions to deal with radio irregularity. We evaluate two of them in detail. The results obtained from both the simulation and a running testbed demonstrate that our solutions greatly improve communication performance in the presence of radio irregularity.
- V. Bharghavan, A. Demers, S. Shenker and L. Zhang, MACAW: A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LANs, In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 212--225, 1994. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- N. Bulusu, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices, In IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, pp. 28--34, October 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Cerpa and D. Estrin, ASCENT: Adaptive Self-Configuring Sensor Networks Topologies, In Proc. of the IEEE Infocom, 2002.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Cerpa, N. Busek and D. Estrin, SCALE: A Tool for Simple Connectivity Assessment in Lossy Environments http://lecs.cs.ucla.edu/Publications/papers/scale-tech-report.pdf, In CENS Technical Report 0021, September 2003.Google Scholar
- B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan and R. Morris, Span: An Energy-Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad-hoc Wireless Networks, In ACM MobiCom, July 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chipcon CC1000 Low Power Radio Transceiver, http:// www.chipcon.com/files/cc1000_data_sheet_2_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
- J. L. Devore, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, Brooks/Cole Publishing, 1982.Google Scholar
- IEEE 802.11, Part II: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, ANSI/IEEE Std. 802.11, 1999.Google Scholar
- D. Ganesan, B. Krishnamachari, A. Woo, D. Culler, D. Estrin and S. Wicker, Complex Behavior at Scale: An Experimental Study of Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks, In Technical Report UCLA/CSD-TR 02-0013, 2002.Google Scholar
- T. He, C. Huang, B. M. Blum, J. A. Stankovic and T. F. Abdelzaher, Range-Free Localization Schemes in Large Scale Sensor Networks, In Proc. MOBICOM, 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, J. A. Stankovic, T. F. Abdelzaher, L. Luo, R. Stoleru, T. Yan, L. Gu, J. Hui, B. Krogh, Energy-Efficient Surveillance System Using Wireless Sensor Networks, In ACM MobiSys 2004, Boston, MA, June 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. He, J. A. Stankovic, C. Lu and T. F. Abdelzaher, SPEED: A Stateless Protocol for Real-Time Communication in Sensor Networks, In IEEE ICDCS 2003, Providence, RI, May 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan and D. Estrin, Directed Diffusion: A Scalable and Robust Communication Paradigm for Sensor Networks, In Proc. MOBICOM, pp. 56--67, March 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. B. Johnson and D. A. Maltz, Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mobile Computing, edited by Tomas Imielinski and Hank Korth, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 0792396979, 1996.Google Scholar
- P. Karn, MACA - A New Channel Access Method for Packet Radio, In ARRL/CRRL Amateur Radio 9th Computer Networking Conference, pp. 134--140, 1990.Google Scholar
- B. Karp and H. T. Kung, GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks, In Proc. MOBICOM, pp. 243--254, August 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Karp, Geographic Routing for Wireless Networks, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, October 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Kleinrock and F. A. Tobagi, Packet Switching in Radio Channels: Part I - Carrier Sense Multiple-access Modes and Their Throughput-delay Characteristics, In IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-23, pp. 1400--1416, Dec. 1975.Google Scholar
- Y. B. Ko and N. H. Vaidya, Location-Aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, In Proc. MOBICOM, pp. 66--75, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Niculescu and B. Nath, DV Based Positioning in Ad hoc Networks, In Journal of Telecommunication Systems, 2003.Google Scholar
- C. E. Perkins, and E. M. Royer, Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing, In Proc. of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, pp. 90--100, February 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. M. Shankar, Introduction to Wireless Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, ISBN 0-471-32167-2, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Woo, T. Tong and D. Culler, Taming the Underlying Challenges of Reliable Multihop Routing in Sensor Networks, In ACM SenSys 2003, Los Angeles, CA, November 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- XBOW MICA2 Mote Specifications: http://www.xbow.com/Google Scholar
- Y. Xu, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing, In ACM MOBICOM 2001, Rome, Italy, July 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Yan, T. He, J. A. Stankovic, Differentiated Surveillance for Sensor Networks, In ACM SenSys 2003, Los Angeles, CA, November 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
- X. Zeng, R. Bagrodia and M. Gerla, GloMoSim: a Library for Parallel Simulation of Large-scale Wireless Networks, In Proc. of the 12th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulations, May 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. J. Zhao and R. Govindan, Understanding Packet Delivery Performance in Dense Wireless Sensor Network, In ACM SenSys 2003, Los Angeles, CA, November 2003. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Impact of radio irregularity on wireless sensor networks
Recommendations
Models and solutions for radio irregularity in wireless sensor networks
In this article, we investigate the impact of radio irregularity on wireless sensor networks. Radio irregularity is a common phenomenon that arises from multiple factors, such as variance in RF sending power and different path losses, depending on the ...
A 3-D Radio Irregularity Model (3DRIM) for Wireless Sensor Network
Localization in wireless sensor network will be adversely effected due to radio irregularity. This makes the localization procedure more complex and as a result most of the localization techniques are based on the regular radio patterns and isotropic ...
Optimal Transmission Strategies for Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Networks
Cognitive radio offers a promising technology to mitigate spectrum shortage in wireless communications. It enables secondary users (SUs) to opportunistically access low-occupancy primary spectral bands as long as their negative effect on the primary ...
Comments