ABSTRACT
Routing oscillation is highly detrimental. It can decrease performance and lead to a high level of update churn placing unnecessary workload on router the problem is distributed between many providers. However, iBGP --- the routing protocol used to distribute routes inside a single Autonomous System --- has also been shown to oscillate. Despite the fact that iBGP is configured by a single provider according to apparently straight forward rules, more than eight years of research has not solved the problem of iBGP oscillation. Various solutions have been proposed but they all lack critical features: either they are complicated to implement, restrict routing flexibility, or lack guarantees of stability. In this paper we propose a very simple adaptation to the BGP decision process. Despite its simplicity and negligible cost we prove algebraically that it prevents iBGP oscillation. We extend the idea to provide routing flexibility, such as respecting the MED attribute, without sacrificing network stability.
- T. Griffin, F. B. Shepherd, and G. Wilfong, "The Stable Paths Problem and Interdomain Routing," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 232--243, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Griffin and G. Wilfong, "On the Correctness of IBGP Configuration," in ACM SIGCOMM, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Basu, C.-H. L. Ong, A. Rasala, F. B. Shepherd, and G. Wilfong, "Route Oscillations in I-BGP with Route Reflection," in ACM SIGCOMM, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. McPherson, V. Gill, D. Walton, and A. Retana, "Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Persistent Route Oscillation Condition," 2002, RFC 3345. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Griffin and G. Wilfong, "Analysis of the MED Oscillation Problem in BGP," in IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Wilfong, "Interdomain Routing," Lucent Technologies Presentation, February 2006.Google Scholar
- O. Maennel, A. Tudor, A. Feldmann, and S. Bürkle, "Observed properties of BGP convergence," 2003, RIPE 45.Google Scholar
- M. Caesar, D. Caldwell, N. Feamster, J. Rexford, A. Shaikh, and J. van der Merwe, "Design and Implementation of a Routing Control Platform," in Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Feamster, H. Balakrishnan, J. Rexford, A. Shaikh, and J. van der Merwe, "The Case for Separating Routing From Routers," in ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Future Directions in Network Architecture, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Sobrinho, "An Algebraic Theory of Dynamic Network Routing," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 13, no. 5, October 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Vutukuru, P. Valiant, S. Kopparty, and H. Balakrishnan, "How to Construct a Correct and Scalable iBGP Configuration," in IEEE INFOCOM, Barcelona, Spain, April 2006.Google Scholar
- M. Buob, S. Uhlig, and M. Meulle, "Designing Optimal iBGP Route-Reflection Topologies," in IFIP Networking, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Flavel, M. Roughan, N. Bean, and A. Shaikh, "Where's Waldo? Practical Searches for Stability in iBGP," in IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, 2008.Google Scholar
- D. Walton, A. Retana, E. Chen, and J. Scudder, "Advertisement of Multiple Paths in BGP," July 2008, Internet Draft.Google Scholar
- E. Rosen, A. Viswanathan, and R. Callon, "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture," January 2001, RFC 3031. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Wu, Z. M. Mao, J. Rexford, and J. Wang, "Finding a needle in a haystack: Pinpointing significant bgp routing changes in an ip network," in Usenix NSDI, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Rekhter, T. Li, and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4," RFC 4271, January 2006.Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. Feamster and J. Rexford, "Network-Wide Prediction of BGP Routes," IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 253--266, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Bates, R. Chandra, and E. Chen, "BGP Route Reflection -- An Alternative to Full Mesh IBGP," 2000, RFC 2796. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Traina, D. McPherson, and J. Scudder, "Autonomous System Confederations for BGP," 2001, RFC 3065. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Fortz and M. Thorup, "Internet Traffic Engineering by Optimizing OSPF Weights," in INFOCOM, 2000.Google Scholar
- V. van den Schrieck, P. Francois, S. Tandel, and O. Bonaventure, "Let BGP Speakers Configure Their iBGP Sessions On Their Own," in phWorkshop on Internet Routing Evolution and Design, 2006.Google Scholar
- R. Govindan, C. Alaettinog-lu, K. Varadhan, and D. Estrin, "Route Servers for Inter-domain Routing," phComputer Networks and ISDN Systems, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1157--1174, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- O. Bonaventure, S. Uhlig, and B. Quoitin, "The Case for More Versatile BGP Route Reflectors," 2004, work in progress, draft-bonaventure-bgp-route-reflectors-00.txt.Google Scholar
- S. Uhlig and S. Tandel, "Quantifying the BGP Routes Diversity Inside a Tier-1 Network," in Networking, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Griffin and J. Sobrinho, "Metarouting," in phACM SIGCOMM, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Gurney and T. Griffin, "Lexicographic Products in Metarouting," in IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, 2007.Google Scholar
- L. Gao, T. Griffin, and J. Rexford, "Inherently Safe Backup Routing with BGP," in IEEE INFOCOM, 2001.Google Scholar
- P. Verkaik, D. Pei, T. Scholl, and A. Shaikh, "Wresting Control from BGP: Scalable Fine-grained Route Control," in phUSENIX Annual Technical Conference, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Khosravi and T. Anderson, "Requirements for Separation of IP Control and Forwarding," November 2003, RFC 3654. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Y. Wang, I. Avramopoulos, and J. Rexford, "Design for Configurability: Rethinking Interdomain Routing Policies from the Ground Up," to appear in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Turner, "A Proposed Architecture for the GENI Backbone Platform," in Architecture for Network and Communications Systems, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- "GENI Project," www.geni.net.Google Scholar
- R. Teixeira, A. Shaikh, T. G. Griffin, and G. M. Voelker, "Network Sensitivity to Hot-Potato Disruptions," in ACM SIGCOMM, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Teixeira, A. Shaikh, T. G. Griffin, and J. Rexford, "Dynamics of Hot-Potato Routing in IP Networks," in ACM SIGMETRICS, 2004. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Teixeira, N. G. Duffield, J. Rexford, and M. Roughan, "Traffic Matrix Reloaded: Impact of Routing Changes," in phPassive and Active Measurement Conference, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Kandula, D. Katabi, B. Davie, and A. Charny, "Walking the Tightrope: Responsive Yet Stable Traffic Engineering," in ACM SIGCOMM, 2005. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Flavel, J. McMahon, A. Shaikh, M. Roughan, and N. Bean, "Humpty Dumpty: Putting iBGP Back Together Again," in submission to IFIP Networking, 2009. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Stable and flexible iBGP
Recommendations
Stable and flexible iBGP
SIGCOMM '09Routing oscillation is highly detrimental. It can decrease performance and lead to a high level of update churn placing unnecessary workload on router the problem is distributed between many providers. However, iBGP --- the routing protocol used to ...
Neighbor-specific BGP: more flexible routing policies while improving global stability
SIGMETRICS '09The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) offers network administrators considerable flexibility in controlling how traffic flows through their networks. However, the interaction between routing policies in different Autonomous Systems (ASes) can lead to ...
Rethinking iBGP routing
SIGCOMM '10The Internet is organized as a collection of administrative domains, known as Autonomous Systems (ASes). These ASes interact through the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) that allows them to share reachability information. Adjacent routers in distinct ASes ...
Comments