2002 Proceeding- Conference Chair:
- Andrew T. Duchowski,
- Program Chairs:
- Roel Vertegaal,
- John W. Senders
The inaugural Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETtLA) 2000 Symposium brought together an interdisciplinary group of researchers from 6 countries. The success of this meeting laid the groundwork for future symposia (currently on a biennial schedule). Since the year 2000 meeting, reports of various novel eye tracking applications have appeared, ranging from gaze-con- tingent Level-Of-Detail computer graphics to Human-Computer Interaction usability studies, from new psychophysical studies to the development of new eye tracking technologies. The motiva- tion of the ETRA Symposium calls for the discussion of just such theoretical and applied eye tracking issues.The scope of the Symposium falls within a fairly narrow human- computer interaction domain, yet it spans a vast range of inter- disciplinary research activities. There are at least three broad interdisciplinary domains that stand to benefit from eye tracking research: visual perception, human-computer interaction, and computer graphics. The amalgamation of these topics forms a symbiotic relationship. Graphical techniques provide a means of generating rich sets of visual stimuli ranging from 2D imagery to 3D immersive virtual worlds while research exploring visual attention and perception influences the generation of artificial scenes and worlds. Applications derived from these disciplines create a powerful human-computer interaction modality, namely interaction based on knowledge of the user's gaze.Answering the Call For Participation, 29 papers were submitted by authors from 7 countries working in diverse research areas. The final Proceedings contains 18 papers, selected by peer review. The 18 full papers have been grouped into 6 generally related themes of 3 papers each. These groupings were deter- mined after the paper selection process was completed.This year's paper selection process continued to strive for impar- tiality and rigor, requiring at least two reviews of each paper. The final paper selections were made by the program Co-Chairs following review rankings of all papers. Prior to this process, authors were encouraged to submit their work in final proceed- ings format and reviewers were instructed to consider each paper for publication as-is, with no changes required. Authors of accepted papers were, however, instructed to respond to the criti- cisms of their reviewers before submitting the final camera- ready copy for publication.Twenty-nine individuals, considered to possess expertise in the field of eye tracking, eye movement research, psychology, or human-computer interaction, volunteered for the Program Committee. Paper reviews were assigned to reviewers matching their area of research expertise. Reviews of papers were prohibit- ed from committee members where the review would present a conflict of interest. Throughout the review process it was stressed that membership on committee provided no leniencies for review of the paper.Each reviewer evaluated at least 2 papers. This year's review process was double-blind, i.e., committee members did not know the identities of the authors and identities of the reviewers were hidden from the authors. Through password-protected web access, completed reviews were made available only to corre- sponding paper authors as well as to the program Co-Chairs. The entire review process was conducted electronically through web access and emall exchanges. The final paper selection was con- ducted by the program Co-Chairs through emall and teleconfer- ence.
Vision in natural and virtual environments
Our knowledge of the way that the visual system operates in everyday behavior has, until recently, been very limited. This information is critical not only for understanding visual function, but also for understanding the consequences of various kinds ...
Twenty years of eye typing: systems and design issues
Eye typing provides a means of communication for severely handicapped people, even those who are only capable of moving their eyes. This paper considers the features, functionality and methods used in the eye typing systems developed in the last twenty ...
Designing attentive interfaces
In this paper, we propose a tentative framework for the classification of Attentive Interfaces, a new category of user interfaces. An Attentive Interface is a user interface that dynamically prioritizes the information it presents to its users, such ...
Fixation maps: quantifying eye-movement traces
The analysis of eye-movement traces (i.e. the patterns of fixations in a search) is a powerful but often neglected area of eye-movement research. This is largely because it requires a more complex analysis than parameters such as mean fixation duration ...
The act of task difficulty and eye-movement frequency for the 'Oculo-motor indices'
The oculo-motor re ects the viewer s ability to process visual information. This paper examines whether the oculo-motor was affected by two factors: rstly task dif culty and secondly eye-movement frequency. In this paper, oculo-motor indices were de ned ...
Visual attention to repeated internet images: testing the scanpath theory on the world wide web
The somewhat controversial and often-discussed theory of visual perception, that of scanpaths, was tested using Web pages as visual stimuli. In 1971, Noton and Stark defined "scanpaths" as repetitive sequences of fixations and saccades that occur upon ...
Eye tracking in web search tasks: design implications
An eye tracking study was conducted to evaluate specific design features for a prototype web portal application. This software serves independent web content through separate, rectangular, user-modifiable portlets on a web page. Each of seven ...
What do the eyes behold for human-computer interaction?
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the use of eye tracking systems for interactive purposes. However, it is easy to be fooled by the interactive power of eye tracking. When first encountering eye based interaction, most people ...
On-road driver eye movement tracking using head-mounted devices
It is now evident from anecdotal evidence and preliminary research that distractions can hinder the task of operating a vehicle, and consequently reduce driver safety. However with increasing wireless connectivity and the portability of office devices, ...
A software-based eye tracking system for the study of air-traffic displays
This paper describes a software-based system for offline tracking of eye and head movements using stored video images, designed for use in the study of air-traffic displays. These displays are typically dense with information; to address the research ...
Eye gaze correction for videoconferencing
This paper describes a 2D videoconferencing system with eye gaze correction. Tracking the eyes and warping the eyes appropriately each frame appears to create natural eye contact between users. The geometry of the eyes as well as the displacement of the ...
Real-time simulation of arbitrary visual fields
This report describes an algorithm and software for creating and displaying, in real time, arbitrary variable resolution displays, contingent on the direction of gaze. The software produces precise, artifact-free video at high frame rates in either 8-...
Reduced saliency of peripheral targets in gaze-contingent multi-resolutional displays: blended versus sharp boundary windows
Gaze-contingent multi-resolutional displays (GCMRDs) have been proposed to solve the processing and bandwidth bottleneck in many single-user displays, by dynamically placing high-resolution in a window at the center of gaze, with lower resolution ...
Saccade contingent updating in virtual reality
We are interested in saccade contingent scene updates where the visual information presented in a display is altered while a saccadic eye movement of an unconstrained, freely moving observer is in progress. Since saccades typically last only several ...
3D eye movement analysis for VR visual inspection training
This paper presents an improved 3D eye movement analysis algorithm for binocular eye tracking within Virtual Reality for visual inspection training. The user's gaze direction, head position and orientation are tracked to allow recording of the user's ...
What attracts the eye to the location of missed and reported breast cancers?
The primary detector of breast cancer is the human eye, as it examines mammograms searching for signs of the disease. Nonetheless, it has been shown that 10-30% of all cancers in the breast are not reported by the radiologist, even though most of these ...
Visual search: structure from noise
In this paper, we present two techniques to reveal image features that attract the eye during visual search: the discrimination image paradigm and principal component analysis. In preliminary experiments, we employed these techniques to identify image ...
FreeGaze: a gaze tracking system for everyday gaze interaction
In this paper we introduce a novel gaze tracking system called FreeGaze, which is designed for the use of everyday gaze interaction. Among various possible applications of gaze tracking system, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is one of the most ...
Differences in the infrared bright pupil response of human eyes
In this paper, we describe experiments conducted to explain observed differences in the bright pupil response of human eyes. Many people observe the bright pupil response as the red-eye effect when taking flash photography. However, there is significant ...
Real-time eye detection and tracking under various light conditions
Non-intrusive methods based on active remote IR illumination for eye tracking are important for many applications of vision-based man-machine interaction. One problem that has plagued those methods is their sensitivity to lighting condition change. This ...
