PDF ISBN: 9780819481016 | Print ISBN: 9780819459787
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This text provides a comprehensive introduction to infrared-transparent materials for windows and domes that must withstand harsh environmental conditions, such as high-speed flight or high-temperature process monitoring. Each section contains introductory material that makes the book readable by anyone with a background in science or engineering.
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0.1 Electromagnetic spectrum and atmospheric transmission
0.2 Blackbody radiation
0.3 Transmission through rain, snow, fog and dust
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1.5 General behavior of absorption coefficient and refractive index
1.6 Transmission spectra of infrared materials
1.7 Measuring the absorption coefficient
1.7.1 Direct transmittance measurements
1.7.2 Laser calorimetry
1.8 Emissivity
1.9 Effect of temperature on absorption and emission
1.10 Free carrier absorption in semiconductors
1.11 What makes a window midwave or long wave?
1.12 "Two-color" materials
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2.3 Modulation transfer function: a measure of imaging quality
2.4 Degradation of infrared sensing by a hot window
2.4.1 Emittance from a hot window
2.4.2 Temperature gradients in windows
2.5 Frequency doubling
2.6 Microwave transmission properties of infrared materials
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3.5 Strength scales with area (or volume) under stress
3.6 Strengths of optical ceramics
3.6.1 Strength is not an intrinsic property of a material
3.6.2 Temperature dependence of strength
3.7 Window and dome design
3.7.1 Designing a circular window
3.7.2 Designing a dome
3.8 Hardness and fracture toughness
3.8.1 Relation of strength to fracture toughness and grain size
3.8.2 Temperature dependence of hardness and fracture toughness
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4.3.2 Klein figure of merit for minimum thickness dome
4.3.3 Mach-altitude limits for a dome
4.4 Aerodynamic domes
4.5 Thermal stability of window materials
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5.2 Fabrication of polycrystalline materials by powder processing
5.2.1 Yttria: an example of dome fabrication from a powder
5.2.2 Methods of densifying ceramics: sintering, hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing
5.2.3 Annealing
5.3 Chemical vapor deposition
5.3.1 Zinc sulfide and zinc selenide
5.3.2 Silicon carbide and silicon nitride
5.4 Single-crystal materials
5.4.1 Gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, germanium and silicon
5.4.2 Sapphire
5.4.3 Hot forging
5.5 Optical finishing
5.5.1 Scratch/dig specifications
5.5.2 Optical polishing
5.6 The effect of surface finish on mechanical strength
5.7 Polymer infrared windows
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6.1.2 Interference fringes for measuring coating thickness
6.1.3 Adherence of coatings
6.1.4 Emittance from coatings
6.1.5 Rugate filters
6.2 Stress in coatings
6.3 Conductive coatings for electromagnetic shielding
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7.3.1 Threshold velocity for fracture or loss of mechanical strength
7.3.2 Threshold velocity for loss of optical transmission or contrast
7.3.3 Threshold velocity for loss of mass
7.4 Rain erosion test facilities
7.4.1 Whirling arm
7.4.2 Single-impact waterjet
7.4.3 Multiple-impact jet apparatus (MIJA)
7.4.4 Single-drop impact testing
7.5 Aerodynamic effects in rain erosion
7.6 Erosion by solid particles
7.6.1 Combined effects of sand and rain
7.7 Effect of angle of incidence on erosion
7.7.1 Waterdrop impact at inclined angles
7.7.2 Sand impact at inclined angles
7.7.3 Comparative erosion testing of materials
7.8 Protective coatings for erosion
7.8.1 Mechanisms of protection by coatings
7.8.2 Diamond-like carbon and germanium-carbon coatings
7.8.3 "Boron phosphide" and other phosphorus-based coatings
7.8.4 "REP" coating
7.8.5 Claddings
7.8.6 Diamond coatings
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8.4.2 A theoretical example: proof testing of sapphire
8.5 Designing a proof test for the space shuttle window
8.5.1 Minimum time to failure after a proof test
8.5.2 Crack growth parameters for space shuttle window material
8.5.3 Proof test design
8.6. Fatigue
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C. 1 Refractive index, absorption coefficient, and dn/dT
C.2 Dispersion equations for refractive index
C.3 Absorption coefficients of selected materials calculated by OPTIMA TR®
C.4 Change of refractive index with isotropic pressure
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F.3 Weibull equations for different kinds of test specimens
F.4 Relative strengths of different kinds of test specimens
F.5 Weibull scaling by area instead of volume
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