Nemanja Memarovic
Marc Langheinrich
Nick Taylor
Florian Alt
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
The proliferation of digital signage systems has prompted a wealth of research that attempts to use public displays for more than just advertisement or transport schedules, such as their use for supporting communities. However, deploying and maintaining display systems “in the wild” that can support communities is challenging. Based on the authors’ experiences in designing and fielding a diverse range of community-supporting public display deployments, we identify a large set of challenges and issues that researchers working in this area are likely to encounter. Grouping them into five distinct layers -- (1) hardware, (2) system architecture, (3) content, (4) system interaction, and (5) community interaction design -- we draw up the P-LAYERS framework to enable a more systematic appreciation of the diverse range of issues associated with the development, the deployment, and the maintenance of such systems. Using three of our own deployments as illustrative examples, we will describe both our experiences within each individual layer, as well as point out interactions between the layers. We believe our framework provides a valuable aid for researchers looking to work in this space, alerting them to the issues they are likely to encounter during their deployments, and help them plan accordingly.
- Alt, F., Memarovic, N., Elhart, I., Bial, D., Schmidt, A., Langheinrich, M., Harboe, G., Huang, E., and Scipioni, M. P. 2011a. Designing shared public display networks -- implications from today’s paper-based notice areas. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive’11). Springer, Berlin, 258--275. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-21726-5_17. Google Scholar
- Alt, F., Kubitza, T., Bial, D., Zaidan, F., Ortel, M., Zurmaar, B., Lewen, T., Shirazi, A. S., and Schmidt, A. 2011b. Digifieds: Insights into deploying digital public notice areas in the wild. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM’11). ACM, New York, 165--174. DOI:10.1145/2107596.2107618. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alt, F., Sahami Shirazi, A., Kubitza, T., and Schmidt, A. 2013. Interaction techniques for creating and exchanging content with public displays. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’13). ACM, New York. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G., and Stone, A. M. 1992. Public Space. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Chalmers, M. and Maccoll, I. 2003. Seamful and seamless design in ubiquitous computing. In Proceedings of the Workshop at the Crossroads: The Interaction of HCI and Systems Issues in UbiComp. http://bit.ly/Vvr6j4.Google Scholar
- Cheverst, K., Clarke, K., Fitton, D., Rouncefield, M., Crabtree, A., and Hemmings, T. 2002. SPAM on the menu: The practical use of remote messaging in community care. SIGCAPH Comput. Phys. Handicap. 73--74, 23--29. DOI:10.1145/960201.957210. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cheverst, K., Dix, A., Fitton, D., Kray, C., Rouncefield, M., Sas, C., Saslis-Lagoudakis, G., and Sheridan, G. 2005. Exploring bluetooth based mobile phone interaction with the hermes photo display. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI’05). ACM, New York, 47--54. DOI:10.1145/1085777.1085786. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cheverst, K., Taylor, N., Rouncefield, M., Galani, A., and Kray, C. 2008. The challenge of evaluating situated display based technology interventions designed to foster ‘sense of community’. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Ubiquitous Systems Evaluation (USE’08), (held in conjunction with Ubicomp’08).Google Scholar
- Churchill, E. F., Nelson, L., and Denoue, L . 2003. Multimedia fliers: Information sharing with digital community bulletin boards. In Proceedings of the Communities and Technologies (C&T’’03). Kluwer, B.V., The Netherlands, 97--117. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-0115-0_6. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Churchill, E. F., Nelson, L., and Hsieh, G. 2006. Café life in the digital age: Augmenting information flow in a café-work-entertainment space. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA’06). ACM, New York, 123--128. DOI:10.1145/1125451.1125481. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Clark, A. 2007. Understanding community: A review of networks, ties and contacts. http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/469/ {Accessed June 23, 2012}.Google Scholar
- Clinch, S., Davies, N., Friday, A., and Efstratiou, C. 2011. Reflections on the long-term use of an experimental digital signage system. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’11). ACM, New York, 133--142. DOI:10.1145/2030112.2030132. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Davies, N., Langheinrich, M., José, R., and Schmidt, A . 2012. Open display networks: A communications medium for the 21st century. IEEE Computer. 45, 5, 58--64. DOI:10.1109/MC.2012.114. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fatah Gen Schieck, A., Kostakos, V., and Penn, A. 2010. Exploring digital encounters in the public arena. In Shared Encounters, K. S. Willis, G. Roussos, K. Chorianopoulos, and M. Struppek Eds., Springer, Berlin, 179--195. DOI:10.1007/978-1-84882-727-1_9.Google Scholar
- Fischer, G. 2001. Communities of interest: Learning through the interaction of multiple knowledge systems. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia (IRIS’24). 1--4.Google Scholar
- Hillery, G. A. 1955. Definitions of community: Areas of agreement. Rural Sociology, 20, 111--123.Google Scholar
- Houde, S., Bellamy, R., and Leahy, L. 1998. In search of design principles for tools and practices to support communication within a learning community. SIGCHI Bull. 30, 2, 113--118. DOI:10.1145/279044.279171. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Huang, E. M., Koster, A., and Borchers, J. 2008. Overcoming assumptions and uncovering practices: When does the public really look at public displays? In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive’08). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 228--243. DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-79576-6_14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Izadi, S., Fitzpatrick, G., Rodden, T., Brignull, H., Rogers, Y., and Lindley, S. 2005. The iterative design and study of a large display for shared and sociable spaces. In Proceedings of the Conference on Designing for User Experience (DUX’05). American Institute of Graphic Arts, New York, NY, Article 59. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, M., Harwood, W., Bainbridge, D., Buchanan, G., Frohlich, D., Rachovides, D., Frank, M., and Lalmas, M. 2008. “Narrowcast yourself”: Designing for community storytelling in a rural Indian context. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’08). ACM, New York, 369--378. DOI:10.1145/1394445.1394485. Google ScholarDigital Library
- José, R., Pinto, H., Silva, B., Melro, A., and Rodrigues, H. 2012. Beyond interaction: Tools and practices for situated publication in display networks. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (PerDis’12). ACM, New York, Article 8, 6 pages. DOI:10.1145/2307798.2307806. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Langheinrich, M., Memarovic, N., Elhart, I., and Alt, F. 2011. Autopoiesic content: A conceptual model for enabling situated self-generative content for public displays. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Pervasive Urban Applications.Google Scholar
- Lévesque, M., Bélanger, L., and Lewis, J. 2006. p2P: Cityspeak’s reconfiguration of public media space. Wisc. J. Mob. Digi. Comm. Net. 1, 1.Google Scholar
- Maunder, A. Marsden, G., and Harper, R. 2011. Making the link --- providing mobile media for novice communities in the developing world. Int. J. Hum.--Comput. St. 69, 10, 647--657. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.12.009. Google ScholarDigital Library
- McCarthy, J. F., Costa, T. J., and Liongosari, E. S. 2001. UniCast, OutCast & GroupCast: Three steps toward ubiquitous, peripheral displays. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp’01). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 332--345. DOI:10.1007/3-540-45427-6_28. Google Scholar
- McCarthy, J. F., Farnham, S. D., Patel, Y., Ahuja, S., Norman, D., Hazlewood, W. R., and Lind, J. 2009. Supporting community in third places with situated social software. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T’’09). ACM, New York, 225--234. DOI:10.1145/1556460.1556493. Google ScholarDigital Library
- McDonald, D. W., McCarthy, J. F., Soroczak, S., Nguyen, D. H., and Rashid, A. M. 2008. Proactive displays: Supporting awareness in fluid social environments. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 14, 4, Article 16. DOI:10.1145/1314683.1314684. Google ScholarDigital Library
- McMillan, D. W. and Chavis, D. M. 1986. Sense of community: A definition and theory. J. Commun. Psych. 14, 1, 6--23.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Memarovic, N. and Langehirnich, M. 2010. “Your place or mine?” - Connecting communities and public places through networked public displays. In Proceedings of the Urban IOT Workshop at IOT 2010.Google Scholar
- Memarovic, N., Langheinrich, M., and Alt, F. 2011a. Connecting people through content -- Promoting community identity cognition through people and places. In Proceedings of Community Informatics.Google Scholar
- Memarovic, N., Elhart, I., and Langheinrich, M. 2011b. FunSquare: First experiences with autopoiesic content. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM’11). ACM, New York, 175--184. DOI:10.1145/2107596.2107619. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Memarovic, N., Langheinrich, M., and Alt, F. 2012a. The interacting places framework: Conceptualizing public display applications that promote community interaction and place awareness. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (PerDis’12). ACM, New York, Article 7. DOI:10.1145/2307798.2307805. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Memarovic, N., Langheinrich, M., Alt, F., Elhart, I., Hosio, S., and Rubegni, E. 2012b. Using public displays to stimulate passive engagement, active engagement, and discovery in public spaces. In Proceedings of the Media Architecture Biennale Conference: Participation (MAB’12). ACM, New York, 55--64. DOI:10.1145/2421076.2421086. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Memarovic, N., Langheinrich, M., Rubegni, E., David, A., and Elhart, I. 2012c. Designing “interacting places” for a student community using a communicative ecology approach. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM’12). ACM, New York, Article 43. DOI:10.1145/2406367.2406420. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Müller, J., Wilmsmann, D., Exeler, J., Buzeck, M., Schmidt, A., Jay, T., and Krüger, A. 2009. Display blindness: The effect of expectations on attention towards digital signage. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive’09). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1--8. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-01516-8_1. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Munson, S. A., Rosengren, E., and Resnick, P. 2011. Thanks and tweets: Comparing two public displays. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’11). ACM, New York, 331--340. DOI:10.1145/1958824.1958875. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mynatt, E. D., Adler, A., Ito, M., and O’Day, V. L. 1997. Design for network communities. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’97). ACM, New York, 210--217. DOI:10.1145/258549.258707. Google ScholarDigital Library
- O’Hara, K., Perry, M., and Lewis, S. 2003. Social coordination around a situated display appliance. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’03). ACM, New York, 65--72. DOI:10.1145/642611.642624. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ojala, T. and Kostakos, V. 2011. UBI challenge: Research coopetition on real-world urban computing. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM’11). ACM, New York, 205--208. DOI:10.1145/2107596.2107622. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ojala, T., Kukka, H., Lindén, T., Heikkinen, T., Jurmu, M., Hosio, S., and Kruger, F. 2010. UBI-hotspot 1.0: Large-scale long-term deployment of interactive public displays in a city center. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW’10). IEEE, 285--294. DOI:10.1109/ICIW.2010.49. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ojala, T., Kostakos, V., and Kukka, H. 2011. It’s a jungle out there: Fantasy and reality of evaluating public displays “in the wild”. In Proceedings of Workshop on Large Displays in Urban Life - from Exhibition Halls to Media Facades, (held in conjunction with CHI 2011).Google Scholar
- Ojala, T., Kostakos, V., Kukka, H.,Heikkinen, T., Lindén, T., Jurmu, M., Hosio, S., Kruger, F., and Zanni, D. 2012. Multipurpose interactive public displays in the wild: Three years later. IEEE Compt. 45, 5, 42--48. DOI:10.1109/MC.2012.115. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Peltonen, P., Kurvinen, E., Salovaara, A., Jacucci, G., Ilmonen, T., Evans, J., Oulasvirta, A., and Saarikko, P. 2008. It’s mine, Don’t touch!: Interactions at a large multi-touch display in a city centre. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’08). ACM, New York, 1285--1294. DOI:10.1145/1357054.1357255. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ramsey, D. and Beesley, K. 2007. ‘Perimeteritis’ and rural health in Manitoba, Canada: Perspectives from rural healthcare managers. Rural Remote Health 7, 850. http://www.rrh.org.au.Google Scholar
- Redhead, F. and Brereton, M. 2009. Designing interaction for local communications: An urban screen study. In Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II (INTERACT’09). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 457--460. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-03658-3_49. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rubegni, E., Memarovic, N., and Langheinrich, M. 2011. Talking to strangers: Using large public displays to facilitate social interaction. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII’11). Springer, 195--204. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-21708-1_23.Google Scholar
- Schroeter, R. 2012. Engaging new digital locals with interactive urban screens to collaboratively improve the city. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’12). ACM, New York, 227--236. DOI:10.1145/2145204.2145239. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schroeter, R, Marcus, F., and Christine, S. 2012. People, content, location: Sweet spotting urban screens for situated engagement. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS’12). ACM, New York, 146--155. DOI:10.1145/2317956.2317980. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Snowdon, D. and Grasso, A. 2002. Diffusing information in organizational settings: Learning from experience. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’02). ACM, New York, 331--338. DOI:10.1145/503376.503435. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Star, S. and Griesemer, J. 1989. Institutional ecology, ’Translations’ and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907--39. Social Stud. Science 19, 3, 387--420. DOI:10.1177/030631289019003001.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Storz, O., Friday, A. Davies, N., Finney, J., Sas, C., and Sheridan, J. 2006. Public ubiquitous computing systems: Lessons from the e-campus display deployments. IEEE Perv. Comput. 5, 3, 40--47. DOI:10.1109/MPRV.2006.56. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taylor, N. and Cheverst, K. 2009. Social interaction around a rural community photo display. Int. J. Human-Comp. Studies 67, 12, 1037--1047. DOI:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.07.006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taylor, N. and Cheverst, K. 2010. Creating a rural community display with local engagement. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS’10). ACM, New York, 218--227. DOI:10.1145/1858171.1858209. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taylor, N. and Cheverst, K. 2012. Supporting community awareness with interactive displays. IEEE Compt. 45, 5, 26--32. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Taylor, N., Cheverst, K., Wright, P., and Olivier, P. 2013. Leaving the wild: Lessons from community technology handovers. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computer Human Interaction (CHI’2013). ACM, New York, (in press). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
- Whyte, W. H. 1980. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Project for Public Spaces, The Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- P-LAYERS -- A Layered Framework Addressing the Multifaceted Issues Facing Community-Supporting Public Display Deployments
Recommendations
Opportunistic deployments: challenges and opportunities of conducting public display research at an airport
PerDis '16: Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Symposium on Pervasive DisplaysIn this paper, we report on the design, development, and deployment of an interactive shopping display at a major European airport. The ability to manufacture displays in arbitrary size and form factors as well as their networking capabilities allow ...
The interacting places framework: conceptualizing public display applications that promote community interaction and place awareness
PerDis '12: Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Pervasive DisplaysThe proliferation of public displays, along with ubiquitous wireless communication and sensing technology, has made it possible to create a novel public communication medium: open networked pervasive displays would allow citizens to provide their own ...
Content analysis of a rural community's interaction with its cultural heritage through a longitudinal display deployment
British HCI '15: Proceedings of the 2015 British HCI ConferenceIn this paper we present content analysis related to our longitudinal deployment of the Wray Photo Display within a rural village community. The situated display based system enables village residents to upload images (typically photos) relating to ...
Comments