Zheng Yang
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
The spatial features of emitted wireless signals are the basis of location distinction and determination for wireless indoor localization. Available in mainstream wireless signal measurements, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) has been adopted in vast indoor localization systems. However, it suffers from dramatic performance degradation in complex situations due to multipath fading and temporal dynamics.
Break-through techniques resort to finer-grained wireless channel measurement than RSSI. Different from RSSI, the PHY layer power feature, channel response, is able to discriminate multipath characteristics, and thus holds the potential for the convergence of accurate and pervasive indoor localization. Channel State Information (CSI, reflecting channel response in 802.11 a/g/n) has attracted many research efforts and some pioneer works have demonstrated submeter or even centimeter-level accuracy. In this article, we survey this new trend of channel response in localization. The differences between CSI and RSSI are highlighted with respect to network layering, time resolution, frequency resolution, stability, and accessibility. Furthermore, we investigate a large body of recent works and classify them overall into three categories according to how to use CSI. For each category, we emphasize the basic principles and address future directions of research in this new and largely open area.
- Azizyan, M., Constandache, I., and Roy Choudhury, R. 2009. SurroundSense: Mobile phone localization via ambience fingerprinting. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'09). Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Bahillo, A., Mazuelas, S., Lorenzo, R. M., Fernández, P., Prieto, J., Durán, R. J., and Abril, E. J. 2010. Accurate and Integrated Localization System for Indoor Environments based on IEEE 802.11 Round-trip Time Measurements. EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Networking 2010, 6, 6:1--6:13. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bahl, P. and Padmanabhan, V. 2000. RADAR: an In-building RF-based user location and tracking system. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'00).Google Scholar
- Bargh, M. S. and de Groote, R. 2008. Indoor localization based on response rate of Bluetooth inquiries. In Proceedings of ACM International Workshop on Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environments (MELT'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bhartia, A., Chen, Y.-C., Rallapalli, S., and Qiu, L. 2011. Harnessing frequency diversity in Wi-Fi networks. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chai, E., Lee, J., Lee, S.-J., Etkin, R., and Shin, K. G. 2012. Building efficient spectrum-agile devices for dummies. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chang, C. and Sahai, A. 2004. Object tracking in a 2D UWB sensor network. In Proceedings of Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Asilomar'04).Google Scholar
- Chang, H.-L., Tian, J.-B., Lai, T.-T., Chu, H.-H., and Huang, P. 2008. Spinning beacons for precise indoor localization. In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen, X., Edelstein, A., Li, Y., Coates, M., Rabbat, M., and Men, A. 2011. Sequential Monte Carlo for simultaneous passive device-free tracking and sensor localization using received signal strength measurements. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'11).Google Scholar
- Chen, Y., Lymberopoulos, D., Liu, J., and Priyantha, B. 2012. FM-based indoor localization. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chen, Y., Yang, Q., Yin, J., and Chai, X. 2006. Power-efficient access-point selection for indoor location estimation. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 18, 7, 877--888. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cidronali, A., Maddio, S., Giorgetti, G., and Manes, G. 2010. Analysis and Performance of a Smart Antenna for 2.45-GHz Single-Anchor Indoor Positioning. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 58, 1, 21--31.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cong, L. and Zhuang, W. 2005. Nonline-of-Sight Error Mitigation in Mobile Location. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 4, 2, 560--573. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Constandache, I., Bao, X., Azizyan, M., and Choudhury, R. R. 2010. Did you see Bob?: Human localization using mobile phones. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dumont, L., Fattouche, M., and Morrison, G. 1994. Super-resolution of multipath channels in a spread spectrum location system. IEEE Electron. Lett. 30, 19, 1583--1584.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Elnahrawy, E., Li, X., and Martin, R. 2004. The limits of localization using signal strength: A comparative study. In Proceedings of IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON'04).Google Scholar
- Fang, S.-H. and Lin, T.-N. 2010. A dynamic system approach for radio location fingerprinting in wireless local area networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 58, 4, 1020--1025. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fang, S.-H. and Lin, T.-N. 2012. Principal component localization in indoor WLAN environments. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 11, 1, 100--110. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fessler, J. and Hero, A. 1994. Space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization algorithm. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 42, 10, 2664--2677. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fontana, R. 2004. Recent system applications of short-pulse ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 52, 9, 2087--2104.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Geiger, D. 2010. High resolution time difference of arrival using timestamps for localization in 802.11b/g wireless networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'10).Google ScholarCross Ref
- Gezici, S., Tian, Z., Giannakis, G., Kobayashi, H., Molisch, A., Poor, H., and Sahinoglu, Z. 2005. Localization via ultra-wideband radios: A look at positioning aspects for future sensor networks. IEEE Signal Process. Mag.e 22, 4, 70--84.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Giustiniano, D. and Mangold, S. 2011. CAESAR: Carrier sense-based ranging in off-the-shelf 802.11 wireless LAN. In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies (CoNEXT'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Golden, S. A. and Bateman, S. S. 2007. Sensor measurements for Wi-Fi location with emphasis on time-of-arrival ranging. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 6, 10, 1185--1198. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Goldsmith, A. 2005. Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Guvenc, I. and Chong, C.-C. 2009. A Survey on TOA Based Wireless localization and NLOS mitigation techniques. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 11, 3, 107--124. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Halperin, D., Hu, W., Sheth, A., and Wetherall, D. 2010. Predictable 802.11 packet delivery from wireless channel measurements. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM Conference (SIGCOMM'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Harter, A., Hopper, A., Steggles, P., Ward, A., and Webster, P. 1999. The anatomy of a context-aware application. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'99). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jana, S., Premnath, S. N., Clark, M., Kasera, S. K., Patwari, N., and Krishnamurthy, S. V. 2009. On the effectiveness of secret key extraction from wireless signal strength in real environments. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jiang, Z., Zhao, J., Li, X.-Y., Han, J., and Xi, W. 2013. Rejecting the Attack: Source Authentication for WiFi Management Frames using CSI Information. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM).Google Scholar
- Jin, Y., Soh, W.-S., and Wong, W.-C. 2010. Indoor localization with channel impulse response based fingerprint and nonparametric regression. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 9, 3, 1120--1127. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joshi, K., Hong, S., and Katti, S. 2013. PinPoint: Localizing Interfering Radios. In Proceedings of USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kleisouris, K., Firner, B., Howard, R., Zhang, Y., and Martin, R. P. 2010. Detecting Intra-room Mobility with Signal Strength Descriptors. In Proceedings of ACM International Symposium on Mobile ad hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kosba, A., Saeed, A., and Youssef, M. 2012. RASID: A Robust WLAN Device-free Passive Motion Detection System. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'12).Google Scholar
- Li, X. and Pahlavan, K. 2004. Super-Resolution TOA Estimation with Diversity for Indoor Geolocation. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 3, 1, 224--234. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lim, H., Kung, L.-C., Hou, J. C., and Luo, H. 2006. Zero-Configuration, Robust Indoor Localization: Theory and Experimentation. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM).Google Scholar
- Liu, H., Gan, Y., Yang, J., Sidhom, S., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., and Ye, F. 2012a. Push the Limit of WiFi based Localization for Smartphones. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'06). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Liu, H., Yang, J., Wang, Y., and Chen, Y. 2012b. Collaborative Secret Key Extraction Leveraging Received Signal Strength in Mobile Wireless Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'12).Google Scholar
- Liu, Y. and Yang, Z. 2011. Location, Localization, and Localizability: Location-awareness Technology for Wireless Networks. Springer New York.Google Scholar
- Mathur, S., Trappe, W., Mandayam, N., Ye, C., and Reznik, A. 2008. Radio-telepathy: Extracting a Secret Key from an Unauthenticated Wireless Channel. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mazuelas, S., Lago, F., Blas, J., Bahillo, A., Fernandez, P., Lorenzo, R., and Abril, E. 2009. Prior NLOS measurement correction for positioning in cellular wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol. 58, 5, 2585--2591.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Meguerdichian, S., Koushanfar, F., Potkonjak, M., and Srivastava, M. 2001. Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'01).Google Scholar
- Moussa, M. and Youssef, M. 2009. Smart devices for smart environments: Device-free passive detection in real environments. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nandakumar, R., Chintalapudi, K. K., and Padmanabhan, V. N. 2012. Centaur: Locating Devices in an Office Environment. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nerguizian, C., Despins, C., and Affes, S. 2006. Geolocation in mines with an impulse response fingerprinting technique and neural networks. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 5, 3, 603--611. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nerguizian, C. and Nerguizian, V. 2007. Indoor fingerprinting geolocation using wavelet-based Features Extracted from the Channel impulse response in conjunction with an artificial neural network. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE'07).Google Scholar
- Ni, L. M., Liu, Y., Lau, Y. C., and Patil, A. P. 2004. LANDMARC: Indoor location sensing using active RFID. Wireless Networks 10, 6, 701--710. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Niculescu, D. and Nath, B. 2004. VOR base stations for indoor 802.11 positioning. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'04). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Oktem, T. M. and Slock, D. T. M. 2010. Power delay Doppler profile fingerprinting for mobile localization in NLOS. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'10).Google Scholar
- Otsason, V., Varshavsky, A., LaMarca, A., and de Lara, E. 2005. Accurate GSM indoor localization. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patwari, N. and Kasera, S. K. 2007. Robust location distinction using Temporal link signatures. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Patwari, N. and Wilson, J. 2010. RF sensor networks for device-free localization: Measurements, models, and algorithms. Proceedings of the IEEE 98, 11, 1961--1973.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Patwari, N. and Wilson, J. 2011. Spatial models for human motion-induced signal strength variance on static links. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security 6, 3, 791--802. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Peng, C., Shen, G., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., and Tan, K. 2007. BeepBeep: A high accuracy acoustic ranging system using COTS mobile devices. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pongthawornkamol, T., Ahmed, S., Nahrstedt, K., and Uchiyama, A. 2010. Zero-knowledge real-time indoor tracking via outdoor wireless directional antennas. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'10).Google Scholar
- Pozar, D. 1997. Microwave Engineering 2nd Ed. Wiley.Google Scholar
- Priyantha, N. B., Chakraborty, A., and Balakrishnan, H. 2000. The cricket location-support system. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'00). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rai, A., Chintalapudi, K. K., Padmanabhan, V. N., and Sen, R. 2012. Zee: Zero-effort Crowdsourcing for indoor localization. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rappaport, T. 2002. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (2nd). Prentice Hall PTR. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ravindranath, L., Newport, C., Balakrishnan, H., and Madden, S. 2011. Improving Wireless Network Performance using Sensor Hints. In Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Reggiani, L., Rydstrom, M., Tiberi, G., Strom, E., and Monorchio, A. 2009. Ultra-wide band sensor networks for tracking point scatterers or relays. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Rubner, Y., Tomasi, C., and Guibas, L. J. 2000. The earth mover's distance as a metric for image retrieval. Int. J. Comput. Vision 40, 2, 99--121. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Saarnisaari, H. 1997. TLS-ESPRIT in a time delay estimation. In Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'97).Google ScholarCross Ref
- Seidel, S. and Rappaport, T. 1992. 914 MHz path loss prediction models for indoor wireless communications in multifloored buildings. IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation 40, 2, 207--217.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sen, S., Choudhury, R. R., and Nelakuditi, S. 2012a. SpinLoc: Spin once to know your location. In Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sen, S., Radunovic, B., Choudhury, R. R., and Minka, T. 2012b. You are facing the Mona Lisa: Spot localization using PHY layer information. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Seow, C. K. and Tan, S. Y. 2008. Localization of omnidirectional mobile device in multipath environments. Progress in Electromagnetics Research PIER 85, 323--348.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Sun, Z., Purohit, A., Chen, K., Pan, S., Pering, T., and Zhang, P. 2011. PANDAA: Physical arrangement detection of networked devices through ambient-sound awareness. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tan, K., Fang, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, S., Shi, L., Zhang, J., and Zhang, Y. 2010. Fine-grained channel access in wireless LAN. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM Conference (SIGCOMM'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Triki, M. and Slock, D. T. M. 2007. Mobile localization for NLOS propagation. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC'07).Google Scholar
- ur Rehman, W., de Lara, E., and Saroiu, S. 2008. CILoS: A CDMA indoor localization system. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wallace, J. and Sharma, R. 2010. Automatic secret keys from reciprocal MIMO wireless channels: Measurement and Analysis. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security 5, 3, 381--392. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wang, H., Sen, S., Elgohary, A., Farid, M., Youssef, M., and Choudhury, R. R. 2012. No need to war-drive: Unsupervised indoor localization. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys'13). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Want, R., Hopper, A., Falcão, V., and Gibbons, J. 1992. The active badge location system. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 10, 1, 91--102. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wilson, J. and Patwari, N. 2010. Radio tomographic imaging with wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 9, 5, 621--632. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wilson, J. and Patwari, N. 2011. See-through walls: Motion tracking using variance-based radio tomography networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 10, 5, 612--621. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wilson, J. and Patwari, N. 2012. A fade-level skew-laplace signal strength model for device-free localization with wireless networks. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput. 11, 6, 947--958. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wong, C., Klukas, R., and Messier, G. G. 2008. Using WLAN infrastructure for angle-of-arrival indoor user location. In Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'08).Google Scholar
- Wu, C., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., and Xi, W. 2013. WILL: Wireless indoor localization without site survey. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 24, 4, 839--848. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yi, Y., Gao, M., and Ni, L. 2012. FILA: Fine-grained indoor localization. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'12).Google Scholar
- Xiao, J., Wu, K., Yi, Y., and Ni, L. M. 2012a. FIFS: Fine-grained indoor fingerprinting system. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN'12).Google Scholar
- Xiao, J., Wu, K., Yi, Y., Wang, L., and Ni, L. 2012b. FIMD: Fine-grained device-free motion detection. In Proceedings of IEEE 18th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Xiao, L., Greenstein, L., Mandayam, N., and Trappe, W. 2008. Using the physical layer for wireless authentication in time-variant channels. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 7, 7, 2571--2579. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Xiao, L., Greenstein, L. J., Mandayam, N. B., and Trappe, W. 2009. Channel-based spoofing detection in frequency-selective Rayleigh channels. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 8, 12, 5948--5956. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Xiong, J. and Jamieson, K. 2012. Towards Fine-grained Radio-based Indoor Location. In Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Xiong, J. and Jamieson, K. 2013. ArrayTrack: A fine-grained indoor location system. In Proceedings of USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'13). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Xu, C., Firner, B., Zhang, Y., Howard, R., Li, J., and Lin, X. 2012. Improving RF-based device-free passive localization in cluttered indoor environments through probabilistic classification methods. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yang, J., Sidhom, S., Chandrasekaran, G., Vu, T., Liu, H., Cecan, N., Chen, Y., Gruteser, M., and Martin, R. P. 2011. Detecting driver phone use leveraging car speakers. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yang, L., Hou, W., Cao, L., Zhao, B. Y., and Zheng, H. 2010. Supporting demanding wireless applications with frequency-agile radios. In Proceedings of USENIX Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yang, Z., Wu, C., and Liu, Y. 2012. Locating in fingerprint space: Wireless indoor localization with little human intervention. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ye, C., Mathur, S., Reznik, A., Shah, Y., Trappe, W., and Mandayam, N. B. 2010. Information-theoretically secret key generation for fading wireless channels. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 5, 2, 240--254. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Youssef, M. and Agrawala, A. 2005. The Horus WLAN location determination system. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys'05). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Youssef, M., Mah, M., and Agrawala, A. 2007. Challenge: Device-free passive localization for wireless environments. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Guo, X., Gao, M., and Ni, L. 2012a. On distinguishing the multiple radio paths in RSS-based ranging. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'12).Google Scholar
- Zhang, D., Liu, Y., and Ni, L. M. 2010. Link-centric probabilistic coverage model for transceiver-free object detection in wireless networks. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'10). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, D., Ma, J., Chen, Q., and Ni, L. M. 2007. An RF-based system for tracking transceiver-free objects. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, D. and Ni, L. 2009. Dynamic clustering for tracking multiple transceiver-free objects. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, J., Firooz, M. H., Patwari, N., and Kasera, S. K. 2008. Advancing wireless link signatures for location distinction. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'08). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, V. and Wong, A.-S. 2009. Combined AOA and TOA NLOS localization with nonlinear programming in severe multipath environments. In Proceedings of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC'09). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, Z., Chu, D., Chen, X., and Moscibroda, T. 2012b. SwordFight: Enabling a new class of phone-to-phone action games on commodity phones. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services (MobiSys'12). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, G., Zhao, B. Y., and Zheng, H. 2011. I am the antenna: Accurate outdoor AP location using smartphones. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom'11). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., and Ni, L. 2007. VIRE: Active RFID-based localization using virtual reference elimination. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Parallel Processing (ICPP'07). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhao, Y., Patwari, N., and Suresh, J. M. P. 2013. Radio tomographic imaging and tracking of stationary and moving people via kernel distance. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN'13). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zhou, Z., Yang, Z., Wu, C., Shangguan, L., and Liu, Y. 2013. Towards omnidirectional passive human detection. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM'13).Google Scholar
Index Terms
- From RSSI to CSI: Indoor localization via channel response
Recommendations
CSI-Based Indoor Localization
Indoor positioning systems have received increasing attention for supporting location-based services in indoor environments. WiFi-based indoor localization has been attractive due to its open access and low cost properties. However, the distance ...
Access Point Height Based Location Accuracy Characterization in LOS and OLOS Scenarios
Location estimation in a wireless local area network (WLAN) using received signal strength indication (RSSI) has gained considerable attention in recent years. In a conventional RSSI based indoor WLAN localization, mobile node position is estimated ...
SpotFi: Decimeter Level Localization Using WiFi
SIGCOMM'15This paper presents the design and implementation of SpotFi, an accurate indoor localization system that can be deployed on commodity WiFi infrastructure. SpotFi only uses information that is already exposed by WiFi chips and does not require any ...
Comments