Prabal Dutta
Skip Abstract Section
Abstract
We present A-MAC, a receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless networks that supports several services under a unified architecture, and does so more efficiently and scalably than prior approaches. A-MAC's versatility stems from layering unicast, broadcast, wakeup, pollcast, and discovery above a single, flexible synchronization primitive. A-MAC's efficiency stems from optimizing this primitive and with it the most consequential decision that a low-power link makes: whether to stay awake or go to sleep after probing the channel. Today's receiver-initiated protocols require more time and energy to make this decision, and they exhibit worse judgment as well, leading to many false positives and negatives, and lower packet delivery ratios. A-MAC begins to make this decision quickly, and decides more conclusively and correctly in both the negative and affirmative. A-MAC's scalability comes from reserving one channel for the initial handshake and different channels for data transfer. Our results show that: (i) a unified implementation is possible; (ii) A-MAC's idle listening power increases by just 1.12× under interference, compared to 17.3× for LPL and 54.7× for RI-MAC; (iii) A-MAC offers high single-hop delivery ratios; (iv) network wakeup is faster and more channel efficient than LPL; and (v) collection routing performance exceeds the state-of-the-art.
- Arnbak, J. and van Blitterswijk, W. 1987. Capacity of slotted ALOHA in rayleigh-fading channels. IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm. 5, 2, 261--269. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB). 2005. ARIB STD-T67: Telemeter, telecontrol, and data transmission radio equipment for specified low-power radio station, version 1.1. ARIB STD-T67.Google Scholar
- Atmel. AT86RF230. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/product_card.asp?part_id=3941.Google Scholar
- Boano, C. A., Voigt, T., Tsiftes, N., Mottola, L., Roemer, K., and Zuniga, M. A. 2010. Making sensornet MAC protocols robust against interference. In Proceedings of the 7th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Buettner, M., Yee, G., Anderson, E., and Han, R. 2006. X-MAC: A short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Connors, D. P. and Pottie, G. J. 2000. Response initiated multiple access (RIMA), a medium access control protocol for satellite channels. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.Google Scholar
- Crossbow. Wireless module - IRIS 2.4GHz. http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=264.Google Scholar
- Degesys, J., Rose, I., Patel, A., and Nagpal, R. 2007. DESYNC: Self-Organizing desynchronization and tdma on wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. 11--20. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Demirbas, M., Soysal, O., and Hussain, M. 2008. A singlehop collaborative feedback primitive for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Computer Communications.Google Scholar
- Dutta, A., Saha, D., Grunwald, D., and Sicker, D. 2009. SMACK: A SMart ACKnowledgment scheme for broadcast messages in wireless networks. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Data Communication. 15--26. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dutta, P. and Culler, D. 2008. Practical asynchronous neighbor discovery and rendezvous for mobile sensing applications. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 71--84. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dutta, P., Culler, D., and Shenker, S. 2007. Procrastination might lead to a longer and more useful life. In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks.Google Scholar
- Dutta, P., Musăloiu-E., R., Stoica, I., and Terzis, A. 2008a. Wireless ACK collisions not considered harmful. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks.Google Scholar
- Dutta, P., Taneja, J., Jeong, J., Jiang, X., and Culler, D. E. 2008b. A building block approach to sensornet systems. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 267--280. Google ScholarDigital Library
- El-Hoiydi, A. and Decotignie, J.-D. 2005. Low power downlink MAC protocols for infrastructure wireless sensor networks. Mobile Netw. Appl. 10, 5, 675--690. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fonseca, R., Dutta, P., Levis, P., and Stoica, I. 2008. Quanto: Tracking energy in networked embedded systems. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. 323--338. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. and Tzamaloukas, A. 1999. Reversing the collision-avoidance handshake in wireless networks. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking. 120--131. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gnawali, O., Fonseca, R., Jamieson, K., Moss, D., and Levis, P. 2009. Collection tree protocol. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 1--14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gronomeyer, S. A. and McBride, A. L. 1976. MSK and offset QPSK modulation. IEEE Trans. Comm. 24, 8.Google Scholar
- Hill, J. and Culler, D. 2002. Mica: A wireless platform for deeply embedded networks. IEEE Micro 22, 6, 12--24. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hill, J., Szewczyk, R., Woo, A., Hollar, S., Culler, D., and Pister, K. 2000. System architecture directions for network sensors. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hui, J. W. and Culler, D. E. 2008. IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 15--28. Google ScholarDigital Library
- IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003. 2003. IEEE standard for information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks. Specific requirements -- Part 15.4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/most Recent Issue.jsp?pnumber6012485.Google Scholar
- Jennic. 2007. Wireless microcontrollers: JN5121 and JN513x. http://www.jennic.com/products/.Google Scholar
- Liang, C.-J. M., Musaloiu-E, R., and Terzis, A. 2008. Typhoon: A reliable data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proccedings of the 5th European Conference on Sensor Networks. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lu, J. and Whitehouse, K. 2009. Flash flooding: Exploiting the capture effect for rapid flooding in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Computer Communications.Google Scholar
- Moss, D. 2010. Personal communications.Google Scholar
- Musăloiu-E., R., Liang, C.-J., and Terzis, A. 2008. Koala: Ultra-Low power data retrieval in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pasupathy, S. 1979. Minimum shift keying: A spectrally efficient modulation. IEEE Comm. Mag. 17, 4, 14--22. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Polastre, J., Hill, J., and Culler, D. 2004. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Polastre, J., Szewczyk, R., and Culler, D. 2005. Telos: Enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sun, Y., Gurewitz, O., Du, S., Tang, L., and Johnson, D. B. 2009. ADB: An efficient multihop broadcast protocol based on asynchronous duty-cycling in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 43--56. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sun, Y., Gurewitz, O., and Johnson, D. B. 2008. RI-MAC: A receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 6thth International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 1--14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Texas Instruments. 2006. CC2420: 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee-ready RF transceiver. http://www.chipcon. com/files/CC2420_Data_Sheet_1_3.pdf.Google Scholar
- Texas Instruments. 2007a. CC2430: System-on-Chip solution for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee. http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/cc2430.Google Scholar
- Texas Instruments. 2007b. CC2520: Second generation 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 /ZigBee-ready RF transceiver. http://www.ti.com/lit/gpn/cc2520.Google Scholar
- van Dam, T. and Langendoen, K. 2003. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 171--180. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ye, W., Heidemann, J., and Estrin, D. 2002. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computer Communications.Google Scholar
- Ye, W., Silva, F., and Heidemann, J. 2006. Ultra-Low duty cycle MAC with scheduled channel polling. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. 321--334. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- A-MAC: A versatile and efficient receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless
Recommendations
Design and evaluation of a versatile and efficient receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless
SenSys '10: Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor SystemsWe present A-MAC, a receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless networks that supports several services under a unified architecture, and does so more efficiently and scalably than prior approaches. A-MAC's versatility stems from layering ...
ET-MAC: An Energy-Efficient and High Throughput MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
CNSR '08: Proceedings of the Communication Networks and Services Research ConferenceThe efficient use of energy in wireless sensor networks is a critical issue as the sensor nodes typically operate with limited power sources. Most consumption energy of the sensor nodes is used for communication parts. MAC protocols directly control the ...
An efficient polling MAC for wireless LANs
Polling schemes are an important class of medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless local area networks (WLANs). A major drawback of these schemes is their inefficiency when only a small number of mobile stations have packets to transmit. This ...
Comments