skip to main content
tutorial

How Smart Are Smart Classrooms? A Review of Smart Classroom Technologies

Published:10 December 2019Publication History
Skip Abstract Section

Abstract

There has been a large amount of work on smart classrooms spanning over a wide range of research areas including information communication technology, machine learning, sensor networks, mobile computing, and hardware. Consequently, there have been several disparate reviews on various aspects of smart classrooms. Such piecemeal development is not sufficient for a pragmatic smart classroom solution. This article complements the literature by providing a consolidated review of interdisciplinary works under a common nomenclature and taxonomy. This multi-field review has exposed new research opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed for the synergistic integration of interdisciplinary works.

References

  1. Christian Andrés Diaz León, Edwin Mauricio Hincapié Montoya, Edison Andrés Guirales Arredondo, and Gustavo Adolfo Moreno López. 2017. Design and development of an interaction system in order to be implemented in a smart classroom. Revista EIA/English Version 13, 26 (2017), 95--109.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Peng Chen, Xiaolin Liu, Wei Cheng, and Ronghuai Huang. 2017. A review of using augmented reality in education from 2011 to 2016. In Innovations in Smart Learning. Springer, 13--18.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  3. Chris Preston and Lee Mowbray. 2008. Use of SMART boards for teaching, learning and assessment in kindergarten science. Teaching Science: The Journal of the Australian Science Teachers Association 54, 2 (2008), 50--54.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Marjon de Groot. 2002. Multimedia projectors: A key component in the classroom of the future.THE Journal (Technological Horizons In Education) 29, 11 (2002), 18.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. Robert J. Dufresne, William J. Gerace, William J. Leonard, Jose P. Mestre, and Laura Wenk. 1996. Classtalk: A classroom communication system for active learning. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 7, 2 (1996), 3--47.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Takahiro Tagawa, Naomi Fujimura, Satoshi Hasikura, and Hitoshi Inoue. 2009. Introduction and management of inter-campus learning assistant system for distributed campus. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM SIGUCCS Fall Conference: Communication and Collaboration. ACM, New York, NY, 253--256.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Stephen S. Yau, Sandeep K. S. Gupta, Fariaz Karim, Sheikh I. Ahamed, Yu Wang, and Bin Wang. 2003. Smart classroom: Enhancing collaborative learning using pervasive computing technology. In Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. 13633--13642.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  8. Rebecca Ferguson. 2012. Learning analytics: Drivers, developments and challenges. International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning 4, 5-6 (2012), 304--317.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  9. Cristobal Romero and Sebastian Ventura. 2013. Data mining in education. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 3, 1 (2013), 12--27.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Elke Mackensen, Matthias Lai, and Thomas M. Wendt. 2012. Bluetooth low energy (BLE) based wireless sensors. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Sensors Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--4.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Nenad Gligoric, Ana Uzelac, Srdjan Krco, Ivana Kovacevic, and Ana Nikodijevic. 2015. Smart classroom system for detecting level of interest a lecture creates in a classroom. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments 7, 2 (2015), 271--284.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  12. Li Chunyan, Zhu Yulian, and Xue Zhimei. 2014. Detecting human head and shoulders trajectory in a smart classroom. International Journal of Smart Home 8, 1 (2014), 293--302.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Sandra Gallagher and Alan Sixsmith. 2014. Engaging IT undergraduates in non-IT content: Adopting an eLearning information system in the classroom. Interactive Technology and Smart Education 11, 2 (2014), 99--111.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  14. Arumugam Raman, Yahya Don, Rozalina Khalid, Fauzi Hussin, Mohd Sofian Omar, and Marina Ghani. 2014. Technology acceptance on smart board among teachers in Terengganu using UTAUT model. Asian Social Science 10, 11 (2014), 84.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  15. Joanne Roberts. 2000. From know-how to show-how? Questioning the role of information and communication technologies in knowledge transfer. Technology Analysis 8 Strategic Management 12, 4 (2000), 429--443.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Michelle Lui and James D. Slotta. 2014. Immersive simulations for smart classrooms: Exploring evolutionary concepts in secondary science. Technology, Pedagogy and Education 23, 1 (2014), 57--80.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  17. Yue Suo, Naoki Miyata, Hiroki Morikawa, Toru Ishida, and Yuanchun Shi. 2009. Open smart classroom: Extensible and scalable learning system in smart space using web service technology. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 21, 6 (2009), 814--828.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  18. Ramesh Guntha, Balaji Hariharan, and P. Venkat Rangan. 2016. Analysis of echo cancellation techniques in multi-perspective smart classroom. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications, and Informatics. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1135--1140.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  19. Francisco Silva, Víctor Filipe, and António Pereira. 2008. Automatic control of students’ attendance in classrooms using RFID. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Systems and Networks Communications. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 384--389.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Petri Ihantola, Tuukka Ahoniemi, Ville Karavirta, and Otto Seppälä. 2010. Review of recent systems for automatic assessment of programming assignments. In Proceedings of the 10th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research. ACM, New York, NY, 86--93.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Nenad Gligoric, Ana Uzelac, and Srdjan Krco. 2012. Smart classroom: Real-time feedback on lecture quality. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 391--394.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  22. Mümine Kaya Keleş and Selma Ayşe Özel. 2016. A review of distance learning and learning management systems. In Virtual Learning. InTech.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Unnati A. Patel and S. Priya. 2014. Development of a student attendance management system using RFID and face recognition: A review. International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science and Management Studies 2, 8 (2014), 109--119.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Derek Glover, David Miller, Doug Averis, and Victoria Door. 2005. The interactive whiteboard: A literature survey. Technology, Pedagogy and Education 14, 2 (2005), 155--170.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  25. Steve Higgins, Gary Beauchamp, and Dave Miller. 2007. Reviewing the literature on interactive whiteboards. Learning, Media and Technology 32, 3 (2007), 213--225.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. Susan F. Martin, Edward L. Shaw, and Lynda Daughenbaugh. 2014. Using smart boards and manipulatives in the elementary science classroom. TechTrends 58, 3 (2014), 90.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  27. Carmen Fies and Jill Marshall. 2006. Classroom response systems: A review of the literature. Journal of Science Education and Technology 15, 1 (2006), 101--109.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  28. Robin H. Kay and Ann LeSage. 2009. Examining the benefits and challenges of using audience response systems: A review of the literature. Computers 8 Education 53, 3 (2009), 819--827.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  29. Olaf Zawacki-Richter, Eva Maria Bäcker, and Sebastian Vogt. 2009. Review of distance education research (2000 to 2008): Analysis of research areas, methods, and authorship patterns. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 10, 6 (2009), 21--50.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. Ilkyu Ha and Chonggun Kim. 2014. The research trends and the effectiveness of smart learning. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 10, 5 (2014), 537346.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  31. Kehbuma Langmia and Amy Glass. 2014. Coping with smart phone ‘distractions’ in a college classroom. Teaching Journalism 8 Mass Communication 4, 1 (2014), 13.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  32. Michael Gardner and J. Elliott. 2014. The immersive education laboratory: Understanding affordances, structuring experiences, and creating constructivist, collaborative processes, in mixed-reality smart environments. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Future Intelligent Educational Environments 14, 1 (2014), e6.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  33. Sandi Findlay-Thompson and Peter Mombourquette. 2014. Evaluation of a flipped classroom in an undergraduate business course. Business Education 8 Accreditation 6, 1 (2014), 63--71.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Yiran Zhao and A. D. Ho. 2014. Evaluating the flipped classroom in an undergraduate history course. HarvardX Research Memo.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Betty Parker and David Burnie. 2009. Classroom technology in business schools: A survey of installations and attitudes toward teaching and learning. AACE Journal 17, 1 (2009), 45--60.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  36. Zacharoula Papamitsiou and Anastasios A. Economides. 2016. Learning Analytics for Smart Learning Environments: A Meta-Analysis of Empirical Research Results from 2009 to 2015. Springer International.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  37. Tsvetozar Georgiev, Evgenia Georgieva, and Angel Smrikarov. 2004. M-learning: A new stage of e-learning. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (CompSysTech’04). ACM, New York, NY, 1--5.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  38. Minjuan Wang, Ruimin Shen, Daniel Novak, and Xiaoyan Pan. 2009. The impact of mobile learning on students’ learning behaviours and performance: Report from a large blended classroom. British Journal of Educational Technology 40, 4 (2009), 673--695.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  39. Wen-Hsiung Wu, Yen-Chun Jim Wu, Chun-Yu Chen, Hao-Yun Kao, Che-Hung Lin, and Sih-Han Huang. 2012. Review of trends from mobile learning studies: A meta-analysis. Computers 8 Education 59, 2 (2012), 817--827.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  40. Hamid R. Abachi and Ghulam Muhammad. 2014. The impact of m-learning technology on students and educators. Computers in Human Behavior 30 (2014), 491--496.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Baiyu Zhou. 2016. Smart classroom and multimedia network teaching platform application in college physical education teaching. International Journal of Smart Home 10, 10 (2016), 145--156.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  42. Davar Pishva and G. G. D. Nishantha. 2008. Smart classrooms for distance education and their adoption to multiple classroom architecture. Journal of Networks 3, 5 (2008), 54--64.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  43. Zhaoli Zhang, Taihe Cao, Jiangbo Shu, Min Zhi, Hai Liu, and Zhenhua Li. 2017. Exploration of blended teaching pattern based on Hstar and smart classroom. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Educational Technology. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 3--7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  44. Pradit Songsangyos, Supanut Kankaew, and Nipat Jongsawat. 2016. Learners’ acceptance toward blended learning. In Proceedings of the SAI Computing Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 890--892.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  45. Edna Bravo, Beatriz Amante, Pep Simo, Mihaela Enache, and Vicenc Fernandez. 2011. Video as a new teaching tool to increase student motivation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON’11). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 638--642.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  46. Hei-Chia Wang and Chien-Wei Hsu. 2006. Teaching-material design center: An ontology-based system for customizing reusable e-materials. Computers 8 Education 46, 4 (2006), 458--470.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  47. Geoff Isaacs. 1994. Lecturing practices and note-taking purposes. Studies in Higher Education 19, 2 (1994), 203--216.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  48. Sabra Brock and Yogini Joglekar. 2011. Empowering PowerPoint: Slides and teaching effectiveness. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management 6, 1 (2011), 85--94.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  49. Daniel A. Russell. 2018. Interactive (adjustable) plots and animations as teaching and learning tools. In Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics: The 175th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 33. Article 025001. .Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  50. Ruth C. Clark and Richard E. Mayer. 2016. E-learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning. John Wiley 8 Sons.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  51. Pao-Nan Chou, Chi-Cheng Chang, and Pei-Fen Lu. 2015. Prezi versus PowerPoint: The effects of varied digital presentation tools on students’ learning performance. Computers 8 Education 91 (2015), 73--82.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  52. Paul Bernal Onate, Román Lara-Cueva, and Javier Rivadeneira. 2015. Towards a smart classroom: Development of an augmented reality application for education and tele-education. In Proceedings of the CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information, and Communication Technologies. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 395--400.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  53. A. Ivanko, M. Ivanko, A. Vinokur, and E. Kulikova. 2018. Virtual and augmented reality and the possibility of their use in education. Norwegian Journal of Development of the International Science 1, 24 (2018), 47--51.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  54. Nicole Amare. 2006. To slideware or not to slideware: Students’ experiences with PowerPoint vs. lecture. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 36, 3 (2006), 297--308.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  55. Naki Erdemir. 2011. The effect of PowerPoint and traditional lectures on students’ achievement in physics. Journal of Turkish Science Education 8, 3 (2011), 176--189.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  56. Barbara Tversky, Julie Bauer Morrison, and Mireille Betrancourt. 2002. Animation: Can it facilitate? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 57, 4 (2002), 247--262.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  57. Richard Lowe and Wolfgang Schnotz. 2008. Learning with Animation: Research Implications for Design. Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  58. Robert Mertens, Markus Ketterl, and Oliver Vornberger. 2007. The virtPresenter lecture recording system: Automated production of web lectures with interactive content overviews. Interactive Technology and Smart Education 4, 1 (2007), 55--65.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  59. Michael Bianchi. 2004. Automatic video production of lectures using an intelligent and aware environment. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, New York, NY, 117--123.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  60. Dries Hulens, Bram Aerts, Punarjay Chakravarty, Ali Diba, Toon Goedemé, Tom Roussel, Jeroen Zegers,et al. 2018. The CAMETRON lecture recording system: High quality video recording and editing with minimal human supervision. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia Modeling. 518--530.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  61. Hsien-Chou Liao, Ming-Ho Pan, Min-Chih Chang, and Kun-Wei Lin. 2015. An automatic lecture recording system using pan-tilt-zoom camera to track lecturer and handwritten data. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 13, 1 (2015), 1--18.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Eicke Godehardt and Thomas Gabel. 2015. High quality lecture recording with minimal bandwidth requirements. In Global Learn. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), 127--133.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  63. Han-Ping Chou, Jung-Ming Wang, Chiou-Shann Fuh, Shih-Chi Lin, and Sei-Wang Chen. 2010. Automated lecture recording system. In Proceedings of the International Conference on System Science and Engineering. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 167--172.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  64. Dries Hulens, Toon Goedemé, and Tom Rumes. 2014. Autonomous lecture recording with a PTZ camera while complying with cinematographic rules. In Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 371--377.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  65. Amnon Dekel, Yonit Rusho, Ofir Aghai, Vidran Abdovich, Avishay Hajbi, Max Zemsky, and Rami Cohen. 2018. Lecturus: Collaborative mobile phone lecture recording. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications, and Services. 265--270.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  66. Surendar Chandra. 2007. Lecture video capture for the masses. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 39, 3 (June 2007), 276--280.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  67. Yong-Quan Chen, Chiung-Fang Chang, and Po-Chyi Su. 2015. A tabletop lecture recording system based on gesture control. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Taiwan. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 372--373.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  68. Jeffrey P. Bakken, Vladimir L. Uskov, Archana Penumatsa, and Aishwarya Doddapaneni. 2016. Smart universities, smart classrooms and students with disabilities. In Smart Education and e-Learning. Springer, 15--27.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  69. Richard E. Mayer. 2014. Multimedia instruction. In Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. Springer, 385--399.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  70. Hüseyin Abut and Y. Ozturk. 1997. Interactive classroom for DSP/communication courses. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 1. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 15--18.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  71. Mike Tissenbaum, Camillia Matuk, Matthew Berland, Leilah Lyons, Felipe Cocco, Marcia Linn, Jan L. Plass, et al. 2016. Real-time visualization of student activities to support classroom orchestration. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the Learning Sciences: Transforming Learning, Empowering Learners.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  72. Chun-Yen Chang, Yu-Ta Chien, Cheng-Yu Chiang, Ming-Chao Lin, and Hsin-Chih Lai. 2013. Embodying gesture-based multimedia to improve learning. British Journal of Educational Technology 44, 1 (2013), E5--E9.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  73. Chia-Li Debra Chen, Yueh-Hsia Chang, Yu-Ta Chien, Charles Tijus, and Chun-Yen Chang. 2015. Incorporating a smart classroom 2.0 speech-driven PowerPoint system (SDPPT) into university teaching. Smart Learning Environments 2, 1 (2015), 7.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  74. Ahmed Al-Hunaiyyan, Salah Al-Sharhan, and Rana Alhajri. 2017. A new mobile learning model in the context of smart classroom environment: A holistic approach. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies 11, 3 (2017), 130--134.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  75. Carlos Rodriguez, Jose L. Guzman, Manuel Berenguel, and Sebastian Dormido. 2016. Teaching real-time programming using mobile robots. IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, 6 (2016), 10--15.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  76. Omar Mubin, Catherine J. Stevens, Suleman Shahid, Abdullah Al Mahmud, and Jian-Jie Dong. 2013. A review of the applicability of robots in education. Journal of Technology in Education and Learning 1 (2013), 209--0015.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  77. Flor Ángela Bravo Sánchez, Alejandra María González Correal, and Enrique González Guerrero. 2017. Interactive drama with robots for teaching non-technical subjects. Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 6, 2 (Sept. 2017), 48--69.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  78. Sang Hyun Kim, Clif Mims, and Kerry P. Holmes. 2006. An introduction to current trends and benefits of mobile wireless technology use in higher education. AACE Journal 14, 1 (2006), 77--100.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  79. Abdulhameed Alelaiwi, Abdullah Alghamdi, Mohammad Shorfuzzaman, Majdi Rawashdeh, M. Shamim Hossain, and Ghulam Muhammad. 2015. Enhanced engineering education using smart class environment. Computers in Human Behavior 51 (2015), 852--856.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  80. Ciaran O’Driscoll, Mohan Mithileash, Fredrick Mtenzi, and Bing Wu. 2008. Deploying a context aware smart classroom. In Proceedings of the International Technology, Education, and Development Conference.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  81. Koutraki Maria, Efthymiou Vasilis, and Antoniou Grigoris. 2012. S-CRETA: Smart classroom real-time assistance. In Ambient Intelligence-Software and Applications. Springer, 67--74.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  82. Hichem Bargaoui and Rawia Bdiwi. 2014. Smart classroom: Design of a gateway for ubiquitous classroom. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Web and Open Access to Learning. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--4.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  83. Dexter H. Hu. 2009. Smart Classroom 2.0: Context-aware educational system. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Education. 10--41.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  84. Haojin Yang, Maria Siebert, Patrick Luhne, Harald Sack, and Christoph Meinel. 2011. Automatic lecture video indexing using video OCR technology. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 111--116.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  85. Marco Furini, Silvia Mirri, and Manuela Montangero. 2018. Topic-based playlist to improve video lecture accessibility. In Proceedings of the 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications and Networking Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--5.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  86. Marco Furini. 2018. On introducing timed tag-clouds in video lectures indexing. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, 1 (2018), 967--984.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  87. Manish Kanadje, Zachary Miller, Anurag Agarwal, Roger Gaborski, Richard Zanibbi, and Stephanie Ludi. 2016. Assisted keyword indexing for lecture videos using unsupervised keyword spotting. Pattern Recognition Letters 71 (2016), 8--15.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  88. Matthew B. Hoy. 2018. Deep learning and online video: Advances in transcription, automated indexing, and manipulation. Medical Reference Services Quarterly 37, 3 (2018), 300--305.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  89. Florence Martin and Michele A. Parker. 2014. Use of synchronous virtual classrooms: Why, who, and how. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching 10, 2 (2014), 192--210.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  90. Stefan Hrastinski. 2008. Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause Quarterly 31, 4 (2008), 51--55.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  91. William A. Yost. 2001. Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction. ASA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  92. Kimberley A. Babb and Craig Ross. 2009. The timing of online lecture slide availability and its effect on attendance, participation, and exam performance. Computers 8 Education 52, 4 (2009), 868--881.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  93. Gregory D. Abowd. 1999. Classroom 2000: An experiment with the instrumentation of a living educational environment. IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999), 508--530.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  94. Jens-Rainer Ohm and Gary J. Sullivan. 2013. High efficiency video coding: The next frontier in video compression [standards in a nutshell]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 30, 1 (2013), 152--158.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  95. Paul Anderson. 2016. Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies. Chapman 8 Hall/CRC.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  96. Dongsong Zhang and Jay F. Nunamaker. 2004. A natural language approach to content-based video indexing and retrieval for interactive e-learning. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 6, 3 (2004), 450--458.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  97. Haojin Yang and Christoph Meinel. 2014. Content based lecture video retrieval using speech and video text information. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies 7, 2 (2014), 142--154.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  98. Mark Nichols. 2003. A theory for eLearning. Educational Technology 8 Society 6, 2 (2003), 1--10.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  99. Mehdi Pirahandeh and Deok-Hwan Kim. 2017. Energy-aware and intelligent storage features for multimedia devices in smart classroom. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 1 (2017), 1139--1157.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  100. Lynnette R. Porter. 1997. Creating the Virtual Classroom: Distance Learning with the Internet. John Wiley 8 Sons.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  101. Taralynn Hartsell and Steve Chi-Yin Yuen. 2006. Video streaming in online learning. AACE Journal 14, 1 (2006), 31--43.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  102. Weikai Xie, Yuanchun Shi, Guanyou Xu, and Dong Xie. 2001. Smart classroom-an intelligent environment for tele-education. In Proceedings of the Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia. 662--668.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  103. Carmen Egido. 1988. Video conferencing as a technology to support group work: A review of its failures. In Proceedings of the 1988 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, New York, NY, 13--24.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  104. Yu Tai, Ying Wushuo, and Sha Kun. 2017. Explore the medical curriculum teaching development in the smart classroom. International Journal of Information and Education Technology 7, 2 (2017), 130--134.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  105. Coolie Verner and Gary Dickinson. 1967. The lecture, an analysis and review of research. Adult Education 17, 2 (1967), 85--100.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  106. S. Yang and L. Chen. 2011. A face and eye detection based feedback system for smart classroom. In Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Electronic Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 2. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 571--574.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  107. Yuan-Chih Yu, D. Shing-Chern, and Dwen-Ren Tsai. 2012. Social interaction feedback system for the smart classroom. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 500--501.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  108. Jonathan Bidwell and Henry Fuchs. 2011. Classroom analytics: Measuring student engagement with automated gaze tracking. Behavior Research Methods 49 (2011), 113.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  109. Pooya Khorrami, Vuong Le, John C. Hart, and Thomas S. Huang. 2014. A system for monitoring the engagement of remote online students using eye gaze estimation. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  110. Matt Ratto, R. Benjamin Shapiro, Tan Minh Truong, and William G. Griswold. 2003. The ActiveClass project: Experiments in encouraging classroom participation. In Designing for Change in Networked Learning Environments. Springer, 477--486.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  111. Toru Ishida. 2016. Intercultural collaboration and support systems: A brief history. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems. 3--19.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  112. Hannes Kaufmann. 2003. Collaborative augmented reality in education. In Proceedings of the 2003 Imagina Conference.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  113. Jason Cole and Helen Foster. 2007. Using Moodle: Teaching with the Popular Open Source Course Management System. O’Reilly Media.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  114. Piazza. 2019. Piazza. Ask. Answer. Explore. Whenever. Retrieved January 31, 2019 from https://piazza.com.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  115. Google. 2019. Google Classroom. Retrieved January 31, 2019 from https://classroom.google.com.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  116. Lasse Jensen and Flemming Konradsen. 2018. A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Education and Information Technologies 23, 4 (2018), 1515--1529.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  117. James Minogue and M. Gail Jones. 2006. Haptics in education: Exploring an untapped sensory modality. Review of Educational Research 76, 3 (2006), 317--348.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  118. Grant P. Wiggins. 1993. Assessing Student Performance: Exploring the Purpose and Limits of Testing. Jossey-Bass.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  119. William H. Rice. 2006. Moodle: e-learning Course Development: A Complete Guide to Successful Learning Using Moodle. Packt Publishing Birmingham.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  120. Luis de la Fuente Valentín, Abelardo Pardo, and Carlos Delgado Kloos. 2009. Using third party services to adapt learning material: A case study with Google Forms. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning. 744--750.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  121. Hui Deng, Feng Wang, and Bo Liang. 2008. A low-cost OMR solution for educational applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 967--970.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  122. Ruth Weaver and Brian Chalkley. 1997. Introducing objective tests and OMR-based student assessment: A case study. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 21, 1 (1997), 114--121.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  123. Vimal P. Parmar and C. K. Kumbharana. 2016. Analysis of different examination patterns having question answer formulation, evaluation techniques and comparison of MCQ type with one word answer for automated online examination. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6, 3 (2016), 459--463.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  124. Kirsti M. Ala-Mutka. 2005. A survey of automated assessment approaches for programming assignments. Computer Science Education 15, 2 (2005), 83--102.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  125. Joel Martin and Kurt VanLehn. 1995. Student assessment using Bayesian nets. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 42, 6 (1995), 575--591.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  126. Gil Hoggarth and Mike Lockyer. 1998. An automated student diagram assessment system. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 30, 3 (1998), 122--124.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  127. Mark Warschauer and Douglas Grimes. 2008. Automated writing assessment in the classroom. Pedagogies: An International Journal 3, 1 (2008), 22--36.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  128. Stephen P. Balfour. 2013. Assessing writing in MOOCs: Automated essay scoring and calibrated peer review. Research 8 Practice in Assessment 8 (2013), 40--48.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  129. Mark D. Shermis, Jill Burstein, Derrick Higgins, and Klaus Zechner. 2010. Automated essay scoring: Writing assessment and instruction. International Encyclopedia of Education 4, 1 (2010), 20--26.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  130. Laura Pappano. 2012. The year of the MOOC. New York Times 2, 12 (2012).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  131. Chan Jung Park and Jung Suk Hyun. 2014. A peer-assessment system connecting on-line and a face-to-face smart classroom. Life Science Journal 11, 7 (2014), 700--705.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  132. Tshepo Batane. 2010. Turning to Turnitin to fight plagiarism among university students. Journal of Educational Technology 8 Society 13, 2 (2010), 1.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  133. Olaf Hallan Graven and Lachlan Mhor MacKinnon. 2008. A consideration of the use of plagiarism tools for automated student assessment. IEEE Transactions on Education 51, 2 (2008), 212--219.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  134. RanaKhudhair Abbas Ahmed. 2015. Overview of different plagiarism detection tools. International Journal of Futuristic Trends in Engineering and Technology 2, 10 (2015), 1--3.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  135. Aysha Qaiser and Shoab A. Khan. 2006. Automation of time and attendance using RFID systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 60--63.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  136. T. S. Lim, S. C. Sim, and M. M. Mansor. 2009. RFID based attendance system. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications, Vol. 2. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 778--782.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  137. Abdallah Kassem, Mustapha Hamad, Ziad Chalhoub, and Salloum El Dahdaah. 2010. An RFID attendance and monitoring system for university applications. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 851--854.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  138. Ching Hisang Chang. 2011. Smart classroom roll caller system with IOT architecture. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Bio-Inspired Computing and Applications. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 356--360.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  139. O. T. Arulogun, A. Olatunbosun, O. A. Fakolujo, and O. M. Olaniyi. 2013. RFID-based students attendance management system. International Journal of Scientific 8 Engineering Research 4, 2 (2013), 1--9.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  140. Raghu Das. 2008. NFC-enabled phones and contactless smart cards 2008--2018. Card Technology Today 20, 7--8 (2008), 11--13.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  141. Mari Ervasti, Minna Isomursu, and Marianne Kinnula. 2009. Bringing technology into school: NFC-enabled school attendance supervision. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, New York, NY, 4.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  142. Balazs Benyo, Balint Sodor, Tibor Doktor, and Gergely Fördős. 2012. Student attendance monitoring at the university using NFC. In Proceedings of the Wireless Telecommunications Symposium. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--5.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  143. Marcos J. López Fernández, Jorge Guzón Fernández, Sergio Ríos Aguilar, Blanca Salazar Selvi, and Rubén González Crespo. 2013. Control of attendance applied in higher education through mobile NFC technologies. Expert Systems with Applications 40, 11 (2013), 4478--4489.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  144. Chien-Wen Shen, Yen-Chun Jim Wu, and Tsung-Che Lee. 2014. Developing a NFC-equipped smart classroom: Effects on attitudes toward computer science. Computers in Human Behavior 30 (2014), 731--738.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  145. Media Anugerah Ayu and Barroon Ismaeel Ahmad. 2014. TouchIn: An NFC supported attendance system in a university environment. International Journal of Information and Education Technology 4, 5 (2014), 448.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  146. Cheah Boon Chew, Manmeet Mahinderjit-Singh, Kam Chiang Wei, Tan Wei Sheng, Mohd Heikal Husin, and Nurul Hashimah Ahamed Hassain Malim. 2015. Sensors-enabled smart attendance systems using NFC and RFID technologies. International Journal of New Computer Architectures and Their Applications 5 (2015), 19--29.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  147. Takumi Ichimura and Shin Kamada. 2013. Early discovery of chronic non-attenders by using NFC attendance management system. In Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Applications. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 191--196.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  148. Mi-Young Bae and Dae-Jea Cho. 2015. Design and implementation of automatic attendance check system using BLE beacon. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 10, 10 (2015), 177--186.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  149. Shota Noguchi, Michitoshi Niibori, Erjing Zhou, and Masaru Kamada. 2015. Student attendance management system with Bluetooth Low Energy beacon and Android devices. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 710--713.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  150. Raghav Apoorv and Puja Mathur. 2016. Smart attendance management using Bluetooth Low Energy and Android. In Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON’16). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1048--1052.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  151. Gokhan Sengul, Murat Karakaya, and Atila Bostan. 2017. A smart classroom application: Monitoring and reporting attendance automatically using smart devices. International Journal of Scientific Research in Information Systems and Engineering 3, 1 (2017), 39--43.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  152. Acadly. 2019. Acadly. Make your Classroom Smarter. Retrieved January 31, 2019 from https://acadly.com.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  153. Nur Izzati Zainal, Khairul Azami Sidek, Teddy Surya Gunawan, Hasmah Manser, and Mira Kartiwi. 2014. Design and development of portable classroom attendance system based on Arduino and fingerprint biometric. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Muslim World. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--4.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  154. K. P. Mohamed Basheer and C. V. Raghu. 2012. Fingerprint attendance system for classroom needs. In Proceedings of the Annual IEEE India Conference. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 433--438.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  155. Nirmalya Kar, Mrinal Kanti Debbarma, Ashim Saha, and Dwijen Rudra Pal. 2012. Study of implementing automated attendance system using face recognition technique. International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering 1, 2 (2012), 100.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  156. Ajinkya Patil and Mrudang Shukla. 2014. Implementation of classroom attendance system based on face recognition in class. International Journal of Advances in Engineering 8 Technology 7, 3 (2014), 974.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  157. Marko Arsenovic, Srdjan Sladojevic, Andras Anderla, and Darko Stefanovic. 2017. FaceTime—Learning based face recognition attendance system. In Proceedings of the IEEE 15th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics. IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 000053--000058.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  158. John T. E. Richardson. 2005. Instruments for obtaining student feedback: A review of the literature. Assessment 8 Evaluation in Higher Education 30, 4 (2005), 387--415.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  159. Mark J. Mendell and Garvin A. Heath. 2005. Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air 15, 1 (2005), 27--52.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  160. Francesca Stazi, Federica Naspi, Giulia Ulpiani, and Costanzo Di Perna. 2017. Indoor air quality and thermal comfort optimization in classrooms developing an automatic system for windows opening and closing. Energy and Buildings 139 (2017), 732--746.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  161. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers, and Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. 2000. Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Vol. 90. ASHRAE.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  162. Anthony V. Arundel, Elia M. Sterling, Judith H. Biggin, and Theodor D. Sterling. 1986. Indirect health effects of relative humidity in indoor environments. Environmental Health Perspectives 65 (1986), 351--361.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  163. B. Ramamurthy, S. Bhargavi, and R. ShashiKumar. 2010. Development of a low-cost GSM SMS-based humidity remote monitoring and control system for industrial applications. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications 1, 4 (2010), 20--26.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  164. Chuang-Kai Chiou and Judy C. R. Tseng. 2015. An intelligent classroom management system based on wireless sensor networks. In Proceeedings of the 2015 8th International Conference on Ubi-Media Computing (UMEDIA’15). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 44--48.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  165. C. K. Lee, K. F. Fong, Zhang Lin, and T. T. Chow. 2013. Year-round energy saving potential of stratum ventilated classrooms with temperature and humidity control. HVAC&R Research 19, 8 (2013), 986--991.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  166. Wilco Chan, Shun-Cheng Lee, Youming Chen, Barry Mak, Kevin Wong, Chi-Sing Chan, Cong Zheng, and Xingguo Guo. 2009. Indoor air quality in new hotels’ guest rooms of the major world factory region. International Journal of Hospitality Management 28, 1 (2009), 26--32.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  167. William J. Fisk and Anibal T. De Almeida. 1998. Sensor-based demand-controlled ventilation: A review. Energy and Buildings 29, 1 (1998), 35--45.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  168. World Health Organization2005. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide. Global Update 2005. World Health Organization.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  169. O. A. Seppänen, W. J. Fisk, and M. J. Mendell. 1999. Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air 9, 4 (1999), 226--252.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  170. Robert Esworthy. 2013. Air Quality: EPA’s 2013 Changes to the Particulate Matter (PM) Standard. Retrieved November 12, 2019 from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42934.pdf.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  171. Robert Dales, Ling Liu, Amanda J. Wheeler, and Nicolas L. Gilbert. 2008. Quality of indoor residential air and health. CMAJ 179, 2 (2008), 147--152.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  172. Sylvio R. Bistafa and John S. Bradley. 2000. Optimum acoustical conditions for speech intelligibility in classrooms. Noise 8 Vibration Worldwide 31, 9 (2000), 12--17.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  173. Li Huang, Yingxin Zhu, Qin Ouyang, and Bin Cao. 2012. A study on the effects of thermal, luminous, and acoustic environments on indoor environmental comfort in offices. Building and Environment 49 (2012), 304--309.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  174. S. Suresh, H. N. S. Anusha, T. Rajath, P. Soundarya, and S. V. Prathyusha Vudatha. 2016. Automatic lighting and control system for classroom. In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on ICT in Business Industry and Government (ICTBIG’16). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 1--6.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  175. Ana Uzelac, Nenad Gligoric, and Srdjan Krco. 2015. A comprehensive study of parameters in physical environment that impact students’ focus during lecture using Internet of Things. Computers in Human Behavior 53 (2015), 427--434.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  176. P. Novais and S. Konomi. 2016. Smart classroom study design for analysing the effect of environmental conditions on students’ comfort. In Workshop Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Intelligent Environments, Vol. 21. 14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  177. Petros Spachos, Jieyu Lin, Hadi Bannazadeh, and Alberto Leon-Garcia. 2016. Indoor air quality monitoring though software defined infrastructures. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC’16). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 288--289.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  178. Yongbin Hu and Ronghuai Huang. 2015. Development of weather monitoring system based on Raspberry Pi for technology rich classroom. In Emerging Issues in Smart Learning. Springer, 123--129.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  179. He Gong, Zhu Wen, Zi Yu Wu, and Man Hua Yu. 2014. Design of a smart classroom broadcasting system based on WSN. In Advances in Applied Sciences and Manufacturing (Advanced Materials Research), Vol. 850. Trans Tech Publications, 520--524.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Index Terms

  1. How Smart Are Smart Classrooms? A Review of Smart Classroom Technologies

                Recommendations

                Comments

                Login options

                Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

                Sign in

                Full Access

                • Published in

                  cover image ACM Computing Surveys
                  ACM Computing Surveys  Volume 52, Issue 6
                  November 2020
                  806 pages
                  ISSN:0360-0300
                  EISSN:1557-7341
                  DOI:10.1145/3368196
                  • Editor:
                  • Sartaj Sahni
                  Issue’s Table of Contents

                  Copyright © 2019 ACM

                  Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

                  Publisher

                  Association for Computing Machinery

                  New York, NY, United States

                  Publication History

                  • Published: 10 December 2019
                  • Accepted: 1 October 2019
                  • Revised: 1 August 2019
                  • Received: 1 March 2019
                  Published in csur Volume 52, Issue 6

                  Permissions

                  Request permissions about this article.

                  Request Permissions

                  Check for updates

                  Qualifiers

                  • tutorial
                  • Research
                  • Refereed

                PDF Format

                View or Download as a PDF file.

                PDF

                eReader

                View online with eReader.

                eReader

                HTML Format

                View this article in HTML Format .

                View HTML Format