[Vitesses critiques dans les superfluides et nucléation de tourbillons]
La vitesse critique dans les superfluides, c'est-à-dire la destruction de la superfluidité par l'écoulement du fluide, pose un problème qui perdure. Une des difficultés réside dans l'existence de plusieurs mécanismes pour cette destruction. L'observation de sauts de phase individuels de 2π, qui proviennent de la nucléation de tourbillons quantifiés, a constitué une avancée importante. L'identification et l'analyse des propriétés stochastiques du processus de nucléation, tant dans le régime classique que quantique, ont conduit à l'étude très circonstanciée d'un cas spécifique d'effet tunnel macroscopique. En particulier, l'examen fouillé des données expérimentales obtenues avec l'hélium ultra-pur a révélé l'influence de la dissipation sur l'effet tunnel, donnant par là un exemple rare d'interaction d'un processus tunnel avec son environnement macroscopique.
The problem of critical velocities in superfluids, that is the comprehension of superfluidity breakdown by flow, has been long standing. One difficulty stems from the existence of several breakdown mechanisms. A major advance has come from the observation of single 2π phase slips, which arise from the nucleation of quantised vortices, that is, their creation ex nihilo. The statistical properties of the nucleation process in both the thermal regime and the quantum regime are identified and analysed: vortex nucleation provides a well-documented case of macroscopic quantum tunnelling (MQT). In particular, a close scrutiny of the experimental data obtained on ultra-pure 4He reveals the influence of damping on tunnelling, a rare occurrence where the effect of the environment on MQT can be studied.
@article{CRPHYS_2006__7_9-10_1101_0,
author = {\'Eric Varoquaux},
title = {Critical velocities in superfluids and the nucleation of vortices},
journal = {Comptes Rendus. Physique},
pages = {1101--1120},
publisher = {Elsevier},
volume = {7},
number = {9-10},
year = {2006},
doi = {10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.023},
language = {en},
}
Éric Varoquaux. Critical velocities in superfluids and the nucleation of vortices. Comptes Rendus. Physique, Volume 7 (2006) no. 9-10, pp. 1101-1120. doi : 10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.023. https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/physique/articles/10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.023/
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