7. A Mathematical Model for SC-Assisted Stack Ventilation in Multi-storey Buildings

Buoyancy-driven ventilation has been widely studied as an essential role in natural ventilation. By leveraging the potential for solar radiation, the passive solar design strategy could achieve multiple functions to reduce energy consumption (Simões et al in Energy, 121197, 2021; Noorollahi in Energy 218, 2021). Following the airflow pattern, the passive ventilation system can achieve natural ventilation, space heating/cooling, and preheating air (Zhang in Renew Sustain Energy Rev 141, 2021; Monghasemi and Vadiee in Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81:2714–2730, 2018; Zhang in Appl Energy 165:707–734, 2016; Pourshab in Energy 200, 2020). Air density gradients mainly produce pressure differences at different locations (Bachrun et al in EduARCHsia & Senvar 2019 International Conference (EduARCHsia 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020). Buoyant ventilation systems featuring air channels, such as solar chimneys, Trombe walls, and double skin façades, share similar physical processes. Significantly, passive solar designs are preferable in tropical climates and medium/low-rise buildings (Miyazaki et al. in Renewable Energy 31:987–1010, 2006; Hamdy and Fikry in Renewable Energy 14:381–386, 1998;). Besides, buoyancy-driven ventilation systems are adequate for low floors, while improving ventilation on high floors requires adjusting the vent area or using mixed modes of ventilation (Yang and Li in Energy Build 92:296–305, 2015; Acred and Hunt in Build Environ 71:121–130, 2014).