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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Digitalizing the Commercial Banking Business Model: Vanishing Bank Branches and the Risks of Financial Exclusion of the Elderly

verfasst von : Anne-Marie Weber, Anne-Christin Mittwoch, Weronika Herbet-Homenda, Weronika Stefaniuk

Erschienen in: Commercial Banking in Transition

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Digitalization is a crucial driving force behind the transformation of commercial banking business models. The decline in the number of bank branches serves as a clear indication of the shift from personal on-site service to the digital space. Empirical data from Europe demonstrates a steady disappearance of bank branches, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research focused on the legal challenges that arise for the active participants in this process (both on the banks’ and the customers’ side). This chapter directs attention to those parties who are affected by the digital revolution in commercial banking but fail to become its active participants. Consequently, we explore how the legal system can accommodate the fundamental right of older individuals to access banking services. Specifically, we argue that lawmakers must address the risks of financial exclusion faced by the elderly.

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Fußnoten
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2
See E. Avgouleas, Regulating Financial Innovation, in: N. Moloney, E. Ferran, J. Payne (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Financial Regulation, Oxford, 2015, 659–660.
 
3
Which is against the assumptions of rational choice as default of rational choice (in economics) about individual decision—making process; see F. Gómez Pomar, M. Artigot Golobardes, Rational Choice and Behavioural Approaches to Consumer Issues, in: H.W. Micklitz, A.L. Sibony, F. Esposito (eds.), Research Methods in Consumer Law, 119, 124.
 
4
See E. Hilgendorf, Introduction: Digitization and the Law—A European Perspective, in: E. Hilgendorf, J. Feldle (eds.), Digitization and the Law, 2018, 9.
 
5
E.g.: Capgemini/Efma, World Retail Banking Report 2022, https://​www.​worldretailbanki​ngreport.​com; compare with: D. Kingsford Smith, O. Dixon, The Consumer Interest and the Financial Markets, in: N. Moloney, E. Ferran, J. Payne (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Financial Regulation, Oxford, 2015, 695–735. U. Blaurock, Einführung, in: U. Blaurock, F. Maultzsch (eds.), Vertrauensschutz im digitalen Zeitalter, 9, 10.
 
6
See O. Bennet, Bank Branches: Why Are they Closing and What is the Impact?, Report 2020.
 
7
See D.W. Arner et al., Sustainability, Fintech and Financial Inclusion, European Business Organization Review, 2020, 21, 7, 9; D.A. Zetzsche, D.W. Arner, R.P. Buckley, Sustainability, Financial Inclusion and Efficiency: A Trilemma or a Trifecta for the Regulation of Digital Finance?, Banking & Financing Law Review 2023, 39 (3), 44.
 
8
Ibid., 7–35.
 
9
Including traditional branches, expositories and other customer service outlets; compare: statistics data published on the Polish Supervision Authority, https://​www.​knf.​gov.​pl/​?​articleId=​56224&​p_​id=​18, all online sources were last accessed on 08 January 2023.
 
11
See the graph showing the decrease of commercial bank branches in EU in the last made by The World Bank, https://​www.​data.​worldbank.​org/​indicator/​FB.​CBK.​BRCH.​P5?​end=​2020&​locations=​EU&​start=​2004; Bank Branches and COVID-19: Where are Banks Closing Branches during the Pandemic?
 
13
Se: World Bank, The impact of Covid-19 on digital financial inclusion, report for the Italian presidency of the G20 for the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI), 2021, https://​www.​gpfi.​org/​sites/​gpfi/​files/​sites/​default/​files/​5_​WB%20​Report_​The%20​impact%20​of%20​COVID-19%20​on%20​digital%20​financial%20​inclusion.​pdf.
 
14
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15
See S. Carbó et al., Financial Exclusion, 6.
 
16
See Report by Richard Berry, Older People and the Internet. Towards a “System Map” of Digital Exclusion, https://​ilcuk.​org.​uk/​older-people-and-the-internet/​; G. Helleringer, A Behavioural Perspective on Consumer Finance, in: E. Hilgendorf and J. Feldle (eds.), Digitization and the Law, Würzburg, 2018, 334, 335; EU structural financial indicators: https://​www.​ecb.​europa.​eu/​press/​pr/​date/​2020/​html/​ecb.​pr200608_​ssi_​table~3054d55051​.​en.​pdf.
 
17
See, i.e., OECD (2020), OECD/INFE 2020 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy, https://​www.​oecd.​org/​financial/​education/​launchoftheoecdi​nfeglobalfinanci​alliteracysurvey​report.​html, 60. The authors are aware of the fact that there are other vulnerable groups in this respect, however, the reasons for vulnerability and respective remedies are divers and are addressed elsewhere, see: World Bank, The impact of Covid-19 on digital financial inclusion, report for the Italian presidency of the G20 for the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI), 2021; D. McKillop, J. Wilson, Public Money & Management, 2007, 27(1), 9.
 
18
See P. Kossecki, A. Borcuch, Digital, Social and Financial Exclusion Among Elderly People, 9.
 
19
See E. Hilgendorf, Introduction: Digitization and the law—A European Perspective, 9, 10; D.W. Arner et al., EBOR, 2020, 21, 7, 12; S. Frerichs, What is the ‘Social’ in Behavioural Economics? The Methodological Underpinnings of Governance by Nudges, in: H.W. Micklitz, A.L. Sibony, F. Esposito (eds.), Research Methods in Consumer Law, 399, 439; S. Grundmann, European Contract Law in the Digital Age, 6.
 
20
See M. Nagatsu, M. Małecka, How Behavioural Research has Informed Consumer Law: The Many Faces of Behavioural Research, 357, 368; F. Möslein, Behavioural Analysis and Socio-Legal Research: Is Everything Architecture?, 441, 446; F. Gómez Pomar, M. Artigot Golobardes, Raptional Choice and Behavioural Approaches to Consumer Issues, 119, 128, all in: H.W. Micklitz, A.L. Sibony, F. Esposito (eds.), Research Methods in Consumer Law.
 
21
See the Report ‘New Rules for an Old Game: Banks in the Changing World of Financial Intermediation’, https://​www.​mckinsey.​com/​pl/​~/​media/​ClientLink/​New%20​rules%20​for%20​an%20​old%20​game%20​Banks%20​in%20​the%20​changing%20​world%20​of%20​financial%20​intermediation/​Banks-in-the-changing-world-of-financial-intermediation-GBAR.​pdf; F. Mubarak, R. Suomi, Elderly Forgotten? Digital Exclusion in the Information Age and the Rising Grey Digital Divide, 2022, 3.
 
22
See E. Avgouleas, Regulating Financial Innovation, 659–660; E. Hilgendorf, Introduction: Digitization and the Law—A European Perspective, 9.
 
23
See P. Vassilakopoulou, E. Hustad, Inf Syst Front, 2021, 5, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10796-020-10096-3; N. Reich et al., European Consumer Law, 45–46.
 
24
See A. Numhauser-Henning, Ageism, Age Discrimination and Employment Law in the EU, in: I. Doron, N. Georganzi (eds.), Ageing, Ageism and the Law: European Perspectives on the Rights of Older Persons, 98–115.
 
25
See C.K. Sanders, E. Scanlon, J. Hum. Rights Soc., 2021, 6(2), 130, 137; Svensson et al., The Capabilities Approach and the Concepts of Self-Determination, Legal Competence and Human Dignity in Social Services for Older People, in: H.F. Erhag et al. (eds.), A Multidisciplinary Approach to Capability in Age and Ageing, 175–176.
 
26
See the Report ‘What Does a Bank for the Elderly Look Like?’, https://​www.​scb.​co.​th/​en/​personal-banking/​stories/​elder-banking.​html; A. Kesby, Hum Rights Rev, 2017, 18(4), 371–382.
 
27
See S. Grundmann, European Contract Law in the Digital Age, 6; P. Kossecki, A. Borcuch, Digital, Social and Financial Exclusion Among Elderly People, 16.
 
28
See T. Greenham, F. Travers-Smith, Cashing Out. The hidden costs and consequences of moving to cashless society. RSA Action and Research Center, 2019, 20; F. Asmi, T. Ishaya, Understanding the Behavior of the Elderly towards Internet Banking in the UK, SOTICS, 2012, 104.
 
29
See N. Moloney, Financial Market Governance and Consumer Protection in the EU, in: E. Faia et al. (eds.), Financial Regulation. A Transatlantic Perspective, 221–224.
 
30
See F. Asmi, T. Ishaya, Understanding the Behavior of the Elderly towards Internet Banking in the UK, SOTICS, 2012; A. Oehler, S. Wendt, J Consum Policy, 2017, 40(2), 179–191; M.S. Finke, J.S. Howe, S.J. Huston, Management Science, 2017, 63(1), 213–230.
 
32
Report by Richard Berry, Older People and the Internet. Towards a “System Map” of Digital Exclusion, https://​ilcuk.​org.​uk/​older-people-and-the-internet/​.
 
33
EU Consumer Protection 2.0 Structural asymmetries in digital consumer markets. A joint report from research conducted under the EUCP2.0 project, https://​www.​beuc.​eu/​sites/​default/​files/​publications/​beuc-x-2021-018_​eu_​consumer_​protection.​0_​0.​pdf; L. Georgieva, Digital Inclusion and the Elderly: The Case of Online Banking, in: I. Schuurman, L. Sevens, V. Yaneva, J.O’Flaherty (eds.), Proceedings of the LREC, 2018, 8, 9.
 
34
See, i.e. OECD (2020), Financial Consumer Protection and Ageing Populations, https://​www.​oecd.​org/​finance/​Financial-consumer-protection-and-ageing-populations.​pdf.
 
35
See A. Lusardi, Financial Literacy and Financial Decision-Making in Older Adults, Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 2012, 36(2), 25.
 
36
See P. Kossecki, A. Borcuch, Digital, Social and Financial Exclusion Among Elderly People, 9; D. McKillop, J. Wilson, Public Money & Management, 2007, 27(1), 9.
 
37
See V. Gallistl et al., Journal of Aging Studies, 2021, 71; S.J. Czaja, C.C. Lee, Information Technology and Older Adults, in: J.A. Jacko, A. Sears (eds.), The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2nd ed., 777–792; N. Charness, W.R. Boot, Aging and Information Technology Use: Potential and Barriers, 2009.
 
38
See F. Mubarak, R. Suomi, Elderly Forgotten? Digital Exclusion in the Information Age and the Rising Grey Digital Divide, 2022, 4; P. Kossecki, A. Borcuch, Digital, Social and Financial Exclusion Among Elderly People, 6; T.N. Friemel T.N., New Media & Society, 18(2), 313–331.
 
39
See T.E. Metherell et al., Digital Exclusion Predicts Worse Mental Health Among Adolescents during COVID-19, 2022; K. Walsh, T. Scharf, N. Keating, Eur J Ageing, 2017, 14(1), 81–98.
 
40
See Research note 3/2010 Financial exclusion in the EU. New evidence from the EU-SILC special module, https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​social/​BlobServlet?​docId=​9816.
 
41
See OECD, Financial Consumer Protection and Ageing Populations, 2020, https://​www.​oecd.​org/​finance/​Financial-consumer-protection-and-ageing-populations.​pdf; Impact of access to financial services, including by highlighting remittances on development: Economic empowerment of women and youth, https://​www.​unctad.​org/​system/​files/​official-document/​ciem6d2_​en.​pdf; L. Ayalon, International Psychogeriatrics, 2020, 32(10), 1–4; D. Goodwin et al., Debt, Money Management and Access To Financial Services, 1999, 42.
 
42
See Report: Fighting Fraud: Senate Aging Committee Identifies Top 5 Scams Targeting Our Nation’s Seniors Since 2015, https://​www.​aging.​senate.​gov/​imo/​media/​doc/​Fraud%20​Book%20​2021.​pdf.
 
43
See Report by Richard Berry, Older People and the Internet. Towards a “System Map” of Digital Exclusion, https://​www.​ilcuk.​org.​uk/​older-people-and-the-internet/​; F. Mubarak, R. Suomi, Elderly forgotten? Digital Exclusion in the Information Age and the Rising Grey Digital Divide, 2022, 4.
 
46
See F. Esposito, Conceptual Foundations for a European Consumer Law and Behavioural Sciences Scholarship, in: H.W. Micklitz, A.L. Sibony, F. Esposito (eds.), Research Methods in Consumer Law, 38–76.
 
48
See P. Vassilakopoulou, E. Hustad, Inf Syst Front, 2021, 1, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s10796-020-10096-3.
 
49
European Law Institute (2020). The Protection of Adults in International Situations, https://​www.​europeanlawinsti​tute.​eu/​fileadmin/​user_​upload/​p_​eli/​Publications/​ELI_​Protection_​of_​Adults_​in_​International_​Situations.​pdf; Office of Deputy Prime Minister (2006). The Social Exclusion of Older People: Evidence from the First Wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), https://​www.​ifs.​org.​uk/​publications/​social-exclusion-older-people-evidence-first-wave-english-longitudinal-study-ageing; A. Kesby, Hum Rights Rev, 2017, 18(4), 371–393; Hammarberg T., Human Rights of Older Persons: Participation, Equality and Dignity, 2011; S. Mapp, S.G. Gabel, J. Hum. Rights Soc. Work, 2017, 2(4), 107; B. Lewis, K. Purser, K. Mackie, The Human Rights of Older Persons. A Human Rights-Based Approach to Elder Law; C. Martin, D. Rodgriguez-Pinzón, B. Brown, Human Rights of Older People—Universal and Regional Legal Perspectives.
 
50
Fredman S., The Age of Equality, in: S. Fredman, S. Spencer (eds.), Age as an Equality Issue: Legal and Policy Perspectives, 21–70.
 
51
EC (2005), Age Discrimination and European Law, https://​www.​ec.​europa.​eu/​social/​BlobServlet?​docId=​1691, 5.
 
52
See also EC (2005), Age Discrimination and European Law; EC (2011), Age and Employment, https://​www.​op.​europa.​eu/​en/​publication-detail/​-/​publication/​dd16da05-dc71-4c65-b2bd-6c48cde3c5ee; AGE Platform Europe (2021). The Right to Work in Old Age. How the EU Employment Framework Directive still leaves older workers behind, https://​www.​social.​un.​org/​ageing-working-group/​documents/​AGE%20​Platform%20​Europe_​The%20​right%20​to%20​work%20​in%20​old%20​age.​pdf; M. Freeland, L. Vickers, Age discrimination and EU labour rights law, in: A. Bogg, C. Costello, A.C.L. Davies (eds.), Research Handbook on EU Labour Law, 527–546; Numhauser-Henning A., Ageism, Age Discrimination and Employment Law in the EU, 98–115; M. Rönnmar, A. Numhauser-Henning, Age Discrimination and the Labour Law—Comparative and Conceptual Perspectives in the EU and Beyond.
 
53
ECJ case 144/04 Mangold [2005] ECR I-9981 (para. 74 et passim).
 
54
ECJ case 555/07 Kücükdeveci [2010] ECLI:EU:C:2010:21; confirmed by ECJ case 447/09 Prigge [2011] ECLI:EU:C:2011:573 and ECJ case 441/14 DI [2016] ECLI:EU:C:2016:278.
 
55
ECJ case 414/16 Egenberger [2018] ECLI:EU:C:2018:257 (para 76); ECJ case 68/17 IR/JQ [2018] ECLI:EU:C:2018:696 (para 69); both cases dealt with the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion or belief, their findings however, apply equally to the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age, as age is equivalent ground for discrimination.
 
56
See N. Georgantzi, The European Union’s approach towards Ageism, in: L. Ayalon, C. Tesch-Römer (eds.), Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism, 341, 346.
 
58
See N. Georgantzi, The European Union’s Approach towards Ageism, 341, 347.
 
59
Directive 2011/83/EU of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/77/EEC and Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council [2011] O.J.L304/64.
 
60
Directive 2005/29/EC of 11 May 2005 concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council.
 
61
Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 of credit agreements for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC; see also the proposal for an updated version: COM (2021) 347 final of 30 June 2021.
 
62
Directive (EU) 2019/771 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods, amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC, and repealing Directive 1999/44/EC.
 
63
Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services.
 
64
See N. Reich et al., European Consumer Law, 36; L. Waddington, Reflections of the Protection of ‘Vulnerable’ Consumers under EU Law, Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper No. 2013–2.
 
65
In terms of the average consumer test see e.g. the CJEU case C-210/96 Gut Springerheide, EU:C:1998:369, para 1; F. Esposito, Conceptual Foundations for a European Consumer Law and Behavioural Sciences Scholarship, 38, 68–70.
 
66
See N. Reich et al., European Consumer Law, 45–46.
 
67
See J. Stuyck, The Notion of the Empowered and Informed Consumer in Consumer Policy and How to Protect the Vulnerable under Such a Regime, in: G. Howells et al. (eds.), The Yearbook of Consumer Law, London, 2007, 167, 178–179.
 
68
Directive 2008/48/EC of 23 April 2008 on credit agreements for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC [2008] O.J.L133/66.
 
69
See L. Waddington, Reflections of the Protection of ‘Vulnerable’ Consumers under EU Law, Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper No. 2013–2, 35.
 
70
Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (2012). Report on Strategy for Strengthening the Rights of Vulnerable Consumers, https://​www.​europarl.​europa.​eu/​doceo/​document/​A-7-2012-0155_​EN.​html.
 
71
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council (2020). New Consumer Agenda. Strengthening Consumer Resilience for Sustainable Recovery, COM/2020/696 final, https://​www.​eur-lex.​europa.​eu/​legal-content/​EN/​TXT/​?​uri=​CELEX%3A52020DC0696.
 
72
See D. Szilágyi, Vulnerable Consumers and Financial Services in the European Union: The Position of the EU Court of Justice, Public Goods and Governance, 2020, 5(1), 30, 34.
 
73
See UN Environment Programme (2016). Human Rights and Sustainable Finance. Exploring the Relationship, Inquiry Working Paper 16/01, https://​www.​ihrb.​org/​uploads/​reports/​IHRB_​UNEP_​Human_​Rights_​Sustainable_​Finance_​Feb2016.​pdf; B.P. Kumar, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper No. 80336, 2014, 13.
 
74
See C. Mayer, Prosperity: Better Business Makes the Greater Good, 22; C. Lenter, K. Szegedi, T. Tatay, Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sector, Public Finance Quarterly, 2015, 60(1), 95–103.
 
75
See D.W. Arner et al., Sustainability, Fintech and Financial Inclusion, 7–9.
 
76
See H.W. Micklitz, A.L. Sibony, F. Esposito, The Bright and Adventurous Future of Consumer Law Research, in: H.W. Micklitz, A.L. Sibony, F. Esposito (eds.), Research Methods in Consumer Law, 1, 35.
 
77
See L. Georgieva, Digital Inclusion and the Elderly: The Case of Online Banking, 8–11.
 
78
See F. Esposito, Conceptual Foundations for a European Consumer Law and Behavioural Sciences Scholarship, 38, 63–66; F. Gómez Pomar, M. Artigot Golobardes, Raptional Choice and Behavioural Approaches to Consumer Issues, 119, 120; A. Oehler, S. Wendt, Good Consumer Information: The Information Paradigm at its (Dead) End?, J Consum Policy, 2017, 40(2), 179–191.
 
79
See J.A. Pachis, K.L.M. Zonneveld, Comparison of Prompting Procedures to Teach Internet Skills to Older Adults, Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 2019, 52(1), 173–187.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Digitalizing the Commercial Banking Business Model: Vanishing Bank Branches and the Risks of Financial Exclusion of
verfasst von
Anne-Marie Weber
Anne-Christin Mittwoch
Weronika Herbet-Homenda
Weronika Stefaniuk
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45289-5_5