1. Environmental Mercury Exposure—A Continuing Challenge

Environmental mercury (Hg) exposure is still a significant problem with many facets that have serious effects on ecosystems and human health. This chapter explores the complex problem of Hg exposure, looking at its numerous mechanisms, historical context, and toxicological ramifications. Mercury exposure pathways for plants, animals, and humans are extensively investigated to shed insight on how this deadly metal might enter and affect living creatures. The historical viewpoint reveals key occurrences of Hg poisoning and their effects on public consciousness, illuminating the progression of Hg use from ancient civilizations to the current era. The conversion of Hg into methylmercury, its impact on plants, animals, and humans, and its ecological effects on wildlife and aquatic ecosystems are highlighted in the section on toxicological implications. At-risk populations include vulnerable populations like newborns, pregnant people, and indigenous tribes. The chapter also covers the difficulties in monitoring and mitigation efforts due to the permanence of Hg, its global sources, and biomagnification. The section on the regulatory framework and guidelines evaluates national and international rules and agreements aimed at reducing Hg pollution, but it also recognizes the difficulties in their implementation and enforcement. The use of emission controls, the reduction of product Hg, and secure waste disposal are all considered mitigation and remedial measures. The chapter finishes by providing perspectives on the outlook for the future and recommendations, highlighting the necessity for ongoing research, public education, and international cooperation to successfully address the ongoing challenge of environmental Hg exposure.