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Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft
Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 3/2014

01.09.2014

Procuring Flexibility to Support Germany’s Renewables: Policy Options

verfasst von: Sönke Häseler

Erschienen in: Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft | Ausgabe 3/2014

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Abstract

To continue balancing supply and demand for power is a growing challenge on Germany’s path to producing 80 % of its electricity from renewable sources by 2050. Large-scale investment into a range of technologies will be required to provide the flexibility necessary for balancing. This paper introduces a simple analytical framework to evaluate the German legislator’s numerous efforts to address this challenge.
It then proceeds to make two proposals as to how flexibility can be sourced more cheaply. Priority should be given to measures that enable the existing power markets to generate stronger rewards for flexibility. We thus call for financial incentives for variable electricity tariffs to elicit more consumer response and for investment subsidies instead of feed-in tariffs for more demand-oriented renewable power generation. If additional explicit incentives for flexibility are necessary, they can be provided through a market for flexibility.
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Fußnoten
1
According to Art. 1(2) of the Renewable Energy Act, 35 % of electricity is to be procured from renewable energy sources by 2020, 50 % by 2030, 65 % by 2040, and 80 % by 2050.
 
2
This is a sufficient definition of security of supply for the purpose of our analysis. Hurley et al. (2013), by contrast, distinguish four different dimensions.
 
3
The grid not only enables other sources of flexibility to function but furthermore delivers flexibility in its own right by preventing regional imbalances and providing diversification across larger numbers of actors.
 
4
A ‘perfect’ grid emerges as the cheapest source of flexibility in many models of the future energy supply system (IZES 2012; neue energie 5/2013, p. 11).
 
5
Remarks by Susanne Nies, Head of Unit Energy Policy and Power Generation, Euroelectric, made at the the Öko-Institut conference, September 13, 2012, Berlin.
 
8
See the press statement to accompany the passage of the Directive on June 12, 2013, at www.​bmwi.​de/​DE/​Presse/​pressemitteilung​en,did=​580648.​html. The Directive accordingly expires by the end of 2017.
 
9
To the extent that most biogas plants operate in cogeneration mode and the heat produced is used locally, however, sufficient heat storage capacity is required for the plant to operate flexibly.
 
10
We take no position as to whether the size of the subsidy should be specified by the law or determined through public tenders, as advocated e.g. by Bode and Groscurth (2011).
 
11
A technology neutral support system, such as the quota scheme proposed by RWI (2012), would fail to take into account expected relative cost reductions. It could therefore yield the efficient mix of renewables only by chance, given the complex interactions and externalities among the different generation technologies, the electricity grid, etc.
 
12
Matthes (2013) proposes a model of annual capacity payments for renewables which entails the same distortionary influence on plant life as the feed-in tariff: It may artificially keep plants in operation which efficiency requires be replaced.
 
13
The current EEG’s ‘premium for remote controllability’ according to Art. 2(2) of the Management Premium Directive (Managementprämienverordnung) is another example of the legislator attempting to fine-tune private actors’ behaviour while the same effect could be achieved simply by exposing these actors to market risk.
 
14
It may appear unfortunate that bioenergy, the technology which could provide the most flexibility if supported by the investment subsidy, seems to have all but exhausted its growth potential in Germany: The government is planning only for a minimal annual expansion of biomass capacity (BMWi 2014); research scenarios range between admitting very limited bioenergy growth (e.g. Nitsch et al. 2012) and arguing that the current level of bioenergy production is already unsustainable and should be reduced (e.g. Leopoldina 2012). However, this fact does not obstruct the scheme’s potential in the long run. By 2050, virtually all of the existing bioenergy plants will have been replaced, ideally with new ones whose design is geared towards flexibility.
 
15
These arguments likewise apply to the ‘market premium model’.
 
16
Prices are available from the European Energy Exchange at www.​eex.​com.
 
18
Interestingly the Intelliekon project also showed that exposing users to price risk and making them constantly aware of the cost of their actions can significantly reduce power consumption. Flexible tariffs may thus be valuable not only for flexibility but also for energy efficiency. This effect was recently confirmed by Schwartz et al. (2013) and is exploited in reverse fashion by utilities trying to smooth their customers’ power bills to make them less aware of their consumption: Sexton (2012).
 
20
Verivox report that a consumer who shifts 10 % of her electricity use from high to low price periods can earn annual savings of € 25. This compares to the cost of a new meter of € 80 to 150. See www.​verivox.​de/​nachrichten/​variable-stromtarife-weiterhin-wenig-attraktiv-89979.​aspx.
 
Literatur
Böckers V, Giessing L, Haucap J, Heimeshoff U, Rösch J (2012) “Braucht Deutschland einen Kapazitätsmarkt für Kraftwerke? Eine Analyse des deutschen Marktes für Stromerzeugung”, DICE ordnungspolitische Perspektiven, No. 24. http://​hdl.​handle.​net/​10419/​55141
Bode S, Groscurth H (2011) Elemente für ein zukunftsfähiges Strommarktdesign. In Schütz D, Klusmann B (eds) Die Zukunft des Strommarktes—Anregung für den Weg zu 100 Prozent Erneuerbare Energien. Ponte Press, Bochum, 59–84
Cramton P, Ockenfels A (2012) Economics and design of capacity markets for the power sector. Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 36:113–134
Gawel E, Purkus A (2013) Promoting the market and system integration of renewable energies through premium schemes—a case study of the German market premium. Energ Policy 61:599–609CrossRef
Klessmann C, Nabe C, Burges K (2008) Pros and cons of exposing renewables to electricity market risks—a comparison of the market integration approaches in Germany, Spain, and the UK. Energy Policy 36(10):3646–3661CrossRef
Leopoldina (2012) Bioenergie—Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Leopoldina, Halle (Saale)
Matthes F (2012b) Marktorientierte Ökostromförderung—Ein Alternativmodell. e21.magazin 2/2012
Müsgens F, Peek M (2011) Sind Kapazitätsmärkte in Deutschland erforderlich? Eine kritische Analyse vor dem Hintergrund der ökonomischen Theorie. Zeitschrift für neues EnergieR 6:576–583
Sexton S (2012) Automatic bill payment, price salience, and consumption: evidence from residential electricity consumption. ecnr.berkeley.edu/vfs/PPs/Sexton-Ste/web/ABP.pdf
Schwartz D, Fischhoff B, Krishnamurti T, Sowell F (2013) The Hawthorne effect and energy awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(38):15242–15246
Metadaten
Titel
Procuring Flexibility to Support Germany’s Renewables: Policy Options
verfasst von
Sönke Häseler
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2014
Verlag
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
Erschienen in
Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft / Ausgabe 3/2014
Print ISSN: 0343-5377
Elektronische ISSN: 1866-2765
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12398-014-0128-x

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