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2023 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Sportmedizinische Grundlagen: Immunologische Beanspruchung durch körperliche Belastung

verfasst von : Christian Puta, Holger H. W. Gabriel

Erschienen in: Bewegung, Training, Leistung und Gesundheit

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Zusammenfassung

Das menschliche Immunsystem ist ein hoch komplexes Netzwerk von Zellen und Molekülen, das den Mensch frei von Infektionen und Krankheiten halten soll. Epidemiologische Studien belegen, dass ein körperlicher aktiver Lebensstil die Inzidenz übertragbarer (z. B. bakterieller und viraler Infektionen) und nicht-übertragbarer Krankheiten (z. B. Krebs, Arteriosklerosefolgeerkrankungen, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Diabetes, kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und Fettleibigkeit) verringert. Demzufolge hat körperliche Aktivität im Sinne von Übung, Training und (Leistungs-)Sport einen tiefgreifenden Einfluss auf die normale Funktion des Immunsystems. Die Immunkompetenz kann demnach durch regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität verbessert werden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die kardiorespiratorische Fitness und die regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität mit moderater bis anstrengender Intensität zum Beispiel die Immunantworten auf Impfungen verbessert, chronische Entzündungen und unterschiedliche Immunmarker bei verschiedenen Krankheitszuständen positiv beeinflussen kann, wie zum Beispiel Krebs-, HIV- und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Diabetes mellitus, kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und Fettleibigkeit. Die belastungsinduzierte immunologische Stressregulation, hervorgerufen durch körperliche Aktivität bei akuten Belastungen, induziert eine intensitätsabhängige biphasische Leukozytose (Lymphozyten und Neutrophile Granulozyten), begleitet von einer Umverteilung von Effektorzellen in die peripheren Gewebe. Diese immunregulatorischen Prozesse der unmittelbaren Sofortreaktion und der verzögerten immunologischen Regulation resultieren aus der Aktivierung des sympathischen Nervensystems (Freisetzung Katecholamine) und der Hypothalamus-Hypophyse-Nebennieren-Achse (Freisetzung Glukokortikoide) sowie der damit verbundenen erhöhten Blutzirkulation. Im Kontext dieser belastungsinduzierten immunologischen Regulation ist das Infektionsrisiko von Sporttreibenden ein klinisch-gesundheitliches und (leistungs-)sportrelevantes Thema. Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass körperliches Üben und Trainieren nicht per se das Risiko für eine Infektion der oberen Atemwege erhöht, sondern auch protektive Effekte einer verbesserten Immunantwort auf bakterielle und virale oder andere Antigene zu erwarten sind. Dafür ist eine Balance unterschiedlicher Faktoren (z. B. Schlaf, Ernährung, psychischer Stress, Überlastung) notwendig, welche ebenfalls die angeborene und adaptive Immunität beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus ist es durch regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität und Training möglich, das immunologische Altern und die damit verbundene veränderte Immunkompetenz positiv zu beeinflussen.

Dieser Beitrag ist Teil der Sektion Sportmedizin, herausgegeben vom Teilherausgeber Holger Gabriel, innerhalb des Handbuchs Sport und Sportwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Arne Güllich und Michael Krüger.

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Titel: Sportmedizinische Grundlagen: Immunologische Beanspruchung durch körperliche Belastung
verfasst von: Christian Puta
Holger H. W. Gabriel
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Bewegung, Training, Leistung und Gesundheit
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53409-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-53410-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53410-6_20

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