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2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Renewable Energy Governance in Kenya: Plugging into the Grid ‘Plugging into Progress’

verfasst von : James Mwangi, Nicholas Kimani, Maina Muniafu

Erschienen in: Renewable Energy Governance

Verlag: Springer London

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Abstract

The dearth of commercially viable renewable energy (RE) operators in Kenya is telling. Despite a rising need for clean and reliable energy, a progressive institutional framework, and a new RE funding scheme, which should result in a genuinely competitive and a self-sustaining investment proposition, the poor results on the ground show that technological innovations, costs and prices, and policies have yet to be fully aligned to achieve full RE potentials. We argue that the resulting negative effects of such poorly administrated RE sector is best understood by considering the practical challenges faced by RE power generators and lost opportunities for ordinary consumers to enhance their socioeconomic well-being which hinges upon access to affordable and reliable energy, and for whom barriers impeding that growth must be removed.

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Fußnoten
1
In our analysis we exclude clean coal and nuclear energy. Coal power is not currently a part of the generation mix in Kenya, but there are plans to generate 620 MW of electrical power by 2018 from coal, and anywhere from 2,400–4,490 MW in 2030 depending on figures in the ULCPDP or the National Energy Policy, respectively. We also exclude nuclear energy because it is yet to feature prominently in international discussions on support for mitigation actions. We do acknowledge, however, that to meet Kenya’s the increased electricity demand by 2013, the ULCPDP has targeted 3,000 MW from nuclear.
 
2
GTIEA Project, is a small hydropower initiative, that is co-implemented by UNEP and the African Development Bank (AfDB) and executed by East African Tea Trade Association (EATTA) to develop Hydro power sites in tea growing areas to decrease the tea factories overdependence to the main grid.
 
3
We did not consider woody biomass (or commercially grown biomass) as a source of bioenergy for electricity because deforestation through burning of woody biomass is already a concern for the Government of Kenya (wood and charcoal provide roughly 70–75 % of total energy consumption in Kenya), which has an aggressive reforestation target to achieve 10 % forest cover. This will prove a significant challenge, even without finding additional land for biomass feedstock. Woody biomass or commercial biomass, if produced in large quantities for electricity, could also compete for scarce arable land with food.
 
4
It should be noted that there are also direct-use, or using the heat directly rather than generating electricity, options for geothermal. This is already done in at least one tourist facility in Kenya and for greenhouse heating in the flower industry.
 
5
The Energy (Solar Water Heating) Regulations, 2009 require all premises within the jurisdiction of a local authority with hot water requirements of a capacity exceeding 100 l per day to install solar water heating equipment. Both commercial and residential premises will be required to install solar equipment. The policy is intended to achieve a 60 % contribution of solar energy to hot water demand in a building in order to reduce demand from the national grid.
 
6
We note that the new office facilities at the Nairobi-based United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), constructed in 2011, is capable of contributing to Kenya’s net-metering program, once rolled out. With 515 kilowatt-peak (kWp) rooftop solar plant, which comprises 6,000 square meters of solar panels, energy saving lighting, natural ventilation systems and other green features, the office facility has been designed to generate as much electricity as its 1,200 occupants consume (http://​www.​unep.​org/​gc/​gc26/​Building-for-the-future.​pdf).
 
7
As we have pointed out, the Consolidated Energy Fund proposed in the draft National Energy Policy of 2012, once operationalized, could be used to assist developers in securing loans or providing lower interest rates. However, its scope and capitalization is unclear at this stage.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Renewable Energy Governance in Kenya: Plugging into the Grid ‘Plugging into Progress’
verfasst von
James Mwangi
Nicholas Kimani
Maina Muniafu
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer London
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5595-9_7