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Erschienen in:
Geological Observations Supporting Dynamic Climatic Changes Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Utility of 3-D Seismic Attribute Analysis and VSP for Assessing Potential Carbon Sequestration Targets on the Rock Springs Uplift, Southwest Wyoming

verfasst von : Yuri Ganshin, Ronald C. Surdam

Erschienen in: Geological CO2 Storage Characterization

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

One of the most important steps in characterizing a geologic CO2 storage site is the construction of 3-D volumes of seismic attributes. Once these seismic attribute volumes are constructed, key attributes can be correlated to core and well-log observations and analytical measurements. These correlations allow standardizations and extrapolations of a variety of determinative rock/fluid characteristics from the well bore of the stratigraphic test well out into the 3-D seismic survey volume, creating a realistic 3-D model of storage reservoirs and seals. This chapter discusses the technique for performing the tasks required to make the seismic attribute volumes; the correlations between key rock/fluid parameters and seismic attributes; and the crucial extrapolations from 1-D core, log, and VSP observations out into 3-D seismic attribute space. Topics covered include surface seismic specifications, seismic data processing, seismic resolution, vertical seismic profiling (VSP) and data acquisition, comparison of VSP and surface seismic data, comparision of VSP and well data (geologic property modeling), horizon mapping and depth conversion, seismic attributes, seismic interpretation, and qualitative permeability determined from seismic attribute analysis.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Detailed Geologic Characterization of Core and Well Data from the Weber and Madison Formations and Associated Seals at a Potential CO2 Sequestration Site in Southwest Wyoming: Definining the Lithologic, Geochemical, Diagenetic, and Burial Histories Relative to Successful CO2 Storage
Nächstes Kapitel Reservoir Fluid Characterization of the Weber Sandstone and Madison Limestone on the Rock Springs Uplift in Southwest Wyoming
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Glossar
Acquisition
the generation of seismic energy waves within the earth and their distant recording
Acquisition footprint
any regularity or pattern in seismic data that is not of geologic origin and can be due to acquisition or processing problems.
Aliasing
an effect that causes some continuous signals to become indistinguishable when sampled.
Azimuth
angle measured clockwise from north to a linear direction.
Bin
an area on the land surface that captures any seismic trace whose midpoint falls into it. All the traces in a bin form a three-dimensional CMP gather.
Common gather
a collection of seismic traces with a common or fixed characteristic.For example, a common shot gather is all traces generated by the same shot.
Component
the directional orientation of a source or receiver during acquisition.Conventional surface seismic involves data recording in one vertical component and two horizontal components.
CMP
(1) literally, common midpoint. The midpoint surface location for a seismictrace that is calculated from source and receiver coordinates. (2) A seismic acquisition and processing technique that yields multiple prestack traces at each midpointlocation.
CMP fold
the number of traces in a CMP gather. Conventional processing involves summation (stacking) of these traces to produce one poststack trace.
CMP gather
gather of all traces in a seismic survey having the same midpoint number or bin.
CMP stack
a stack of all prestack traces associated with the same midpoint number or bin.
Depth structure map
a map in depth units that is generated from a time structure map by means of a time-depth transform function.
Far offset
the distance from source to farthest receiver.
Fold
the number of seismic traces within a gather.
Frequency
the number of wave peaks or cycles per second.
Gather
see Common gather.
Horizon slice
a horizontal display or map view of 3-D seismic data showing a particular reflection, as opposed to a time slice that hasa constant travel time.
Interface
a surface in the earth where velocity, density, or other physical parameters change abruptly. Commonly, but not necessarily, coincident with a change inrock type or pore fluid.
Interpretation
the analysis of geophysical data to generate geologicly reasonable models and predictions about subsurface properties and structures.
Inversion
(1) a process of estimating subsurface physical parameters (velocity,density, etc.) from seismic data. (2) A situation where a low-velocity layer underliesa high-velocity layer.
Lateral resolution
the minimum separation of two features in map view before their individual identities are lost.
Medium
a term designating a specific location (layer or section) within the layeredearth model. Plural is media.
Midpoint
the point on the land surface halfway between source and receiver.
Migration
the process by which seismic events are geometrically re-located in either space or time to provide a more accurate image of the subsurface.
Offset
the distance between the source and receiver associated with a trace.
Phantom horizon
a seismic attribute not coincident with a certain tracked horizon but conformal to it and shifted by a certain number of milliseconds.
P-wave
the primary or fastest wave traveling away from a seismic energy source.This kind of seismic wave excites particle motion that is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Currently, this is the main wave type used in reflectionseismology.
Poststack
an object or process related to seismic data after CMP stacking.
Prestack
an object or process related to seismic data before CMP stacking.
Processing
a sequence of digital data processing routines followed to enhance reflected seismic signals and to suppress noise.
Receiver
a device for measuring surface motion due to the passage of seismic or sound waves.
Reflected wave
the wave that returns back to the surface after reflection from an interface.
Reflection
(1) the process in which a seismic wave strikes and partially bounces off an interface. (2) An event recorded on the surface as a seismic image (in section or map view) associated with reflection from a particular interface.
Reflection coefficient
the ratio of the amplitude of a reflected wave to the amplitude of the incident wave.
Reflection coefficient series
the reflection coefficient as a function of recording time (depth).
Reflector
the interface associated with a particular reflection event.
Section
a side-by-side display of many seismic traces.
Seismic
the reflection seismology method commonly used to provide information about the subsurface structure of rock formations and the physical properties of both the subsurface rocks and the fluids within them.
Seismic event
any continuous object on a seismic display.
Seismic trace
a curve representing seismic attribute variation with time or depth a ta specific (fixed) location. Usually is plotted with time (depth) increasing downward.
Seismic wave
are energy wave that travels through the earth’s layers. May be of natural (earthquake, volcanic eruption) or artificial origin (explosion, vibrator track).
Shot
a seismic energy source.
Signal-to-noise ratio
ratio of peak signal amplitude to average noise amplitude.
Source
an object or process that generates seismic waves.
Stack
the single output trace created by summing two or more input traces.
Synthetic data
numerically created pseudo-seismic data used for testing processing algorithms or validating interpretation details.
Synthetic seismogram
a simulated seismic trace (at a well location) based on sonic and density logs that is used to associate seismic reflections with geologic horizons.
3-D seismic
the shooting and processing of seismic data in such a way that a cube of data is produced and interpreted for geologic meaning.
3-D survey
a dense grid of parallel source lines (cross-line direction in this study)and receiver lines (in-line direction) established for seismic data acquisition andprocessing.
Time slice
a horizontal display or view of 3-D seismic data having a certain arrival time.
Time structure map
a map generated by tracking that displays vertical reflection time to a horizon of interest.
Trace
a one-dimensional graph of a quantity vs. time or depth.
Tracking
the interpretation process of following a reflection surface throughout a data volume and extracting the travel time to this surface.
Velocity
the speed at which a seismic wave travels. Can vary from one location toanother in the earth.
Vertical resolution
the minimum separation of two features on a seismic trace that correspond to the top and base of a geologic unit or bed.
Vertical seismic profile (VSP)
a seismic acquisition technique in which a surface source shoots into a series of receivers located down a well.
Wavelength
the distance between successive equivalent points on two wave cycles.
Zero offset VSP
a VSP that has one source, located at or near the wellhead.
Literatur
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Goloshubin G, Silin D, Vingalov V, Takkand J, Latfullin M (2008) Reservoir permeability from seismic attribute analysis. Leading Edge 27:376–381CrossRef
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Metadaten
Titel
Utility of 3-D Seismic Attribute Analysis and VSP for Assessing Potential Carbon Sequestration Targets on the Rock Springs Uplift, Southwest Wyoming
verfasst von
Yuri Ganshin
Ronald C. Surdam
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
Geological CO2 Storage Characterization

Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-5787-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-5788-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2013

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5788-6_7