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2023 | Buch

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Youth in India

Labour Market Performance and Emerging Challenges

verfasst von: Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : India Studies in Business and Economics

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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This book provides an overview of youth labour force and workforce participation in India and explores the dynamics of changing youth labour market in India. Despite notifying a demographic dividend phase, a significant share of youth witnessed higher exclusion (unemployment and not in employment, education or training) from the Indian labour market. Therefore, this book investigates the role of education in labour market and examines open unemployment. It conceptualizes the not-in-employment-education-or-training (NEET) status of youth in Indian context and explores the heterogeneity of NEET youth by analysing the push and pull role of demographic and socio-economic variables. Furthermore, this book examines the nexus of youth labour market status and economic growth in India to provide plausible recommendations for youth's higher, inclusive and sustained participation in the labour market and the country's development pathway. The book creates room for necessary policy interventions considering the changing dynamics of youth labour market and contemplating the challenges of skill, technology and Industry 4.0., which entails a higher emphasis on ‘re-shape’, ‘re-focus’ and ‘re-share’ for enhanced and sustained inclusion of youth in labour market. It is a necessary resource for students, researchers, policymakers, and industry partners interested in exploring and understanding the political economy of youth labour market in India.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. The Youth Identity: ‘Whom to Count?’

Abstract

The post-liberalization era in India has illustrated two significant characteristics of Indian youth labour market. First, it signifies ‘Demographic Dividend’, youth representing the highest share in total as well as the working-age population and is expected to continue till the year 2040 (Mehrotra et al., 2013), and, second, accelerated economic growth of Indian economy has resulted in the expansion of higher education (Thomas, 2015). As a result, the younger population reflects a bifold perspective of Indian economy. On one side, it represents potential human capital, whereas, on the other side, it marks a momentous challenge for the economy to create and provide ample and equitable opportunities for growth and development—employment and education being a few of them.

Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Chapter 2. Contours of Youth Inclusion in Indian Labour Market

Abstract

This chapter investigates the dynamics of shift in youth labour market in India in the neoliberal era. For this, a thorough analysis of youth labour force participation and workforce participation over gender and sector has been done. Further, the chapter provides a comprehensive analytical picture of the push and pull role of specific demographic and socio-economic characteristics in defining the transition of youth in Indian labour market. The chapter findings highlight that youth transition in Indian labour market has shown paradoxical epitomes—indicated by the drastic decline in their labour force and workforce across the gender and sector—with a much steeper decline for the female youth. No doubt, the decline in youth labour force participation rate is a corollary to increased youth enrolment in education. However, the inclusion of educated youth in the labour market poses a challenge for the Indian economy—demonstrated through the lower employment among graduate and above youth.

Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Chapter 3. Unravelling the Conundrum of Youth Unemployment in India

Abstract

The advantage of youth human capital to a country depends on the successful School-to-Work transition, while a broken School-to-Work transition indicates a disconnection in youth’s labour market transition. In the Indian context, the neoliberal regime was presumed to play an active role in tackling youth unemployment. Henceforth, the relevance of this chapter’s discourse on youth unemployment in India is significant for two reasons—the population of the younger generation has increased in the neoliberal regime leading towards a demographic dividend; secondly, youth engagement in labour market (LFPR and WPR) has seen a steep decline in the neoliberal era. The findings reveal that youth unemployment has increased significantly post-years of liberalization. Indeed, youth’s journey has been observed to showcase late entry and early exit from the Indian labour market. Once youth exit from the labour market, re-entry becomes difficult. Besides, higher youth unemployment is due to stiff horizontal and vertical competition from younger and adult contemporaries.

Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Chapter 4. Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET): A Portending Challenge for Youth Labour Market in India

Abstract

Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) status of youth has become a worldwide threat to the inclusion of youth in production activities (education and employment). Henceforth, this chapter investigates the surmounting challenge of NEET youth in the Indian context. The chapter presents a conceptual framework addressing the interplay of demographic and socio-economic characteristics in defining the NEET/Non-NEET status of youth in the Indian context. The chapter finds gender disparity in the functioning of youth labour market in India and identifies that female youth represents 33% higher chances of being a NEET in the year 2018/19. The chapter suggests that it is crucial to create full decent employment for the youth to actively engage them in the mainstream of inclusive and sustained economic development. Indeed, capitalizing on youth—the potential human capital-through proactive measures to ensure the reintegration of NEET youth will contribute to India's economic growth.

Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Chapter 5. Impact of Economic Growth on Status of Youth in the Indian Labour Market

Abstract

Post-2004/05, there has been a significant withdrawal of the youth labour force from the Indian labour market, predominantly female. At the same time, there has been rapid economic growth in India. Therefore, this chapter examines the impact of economic growth on youth status in the Indian labour market. The findings implicate a bi-fold impact of economic growth on youth labour market in India. On one side, youth labour force and workforce participation has been observed to share an inverse relationship with economic growth. While on the other side, youth unemployment has been observed to increase with an increase in India's economic growth. Besides, the insignificant relationship between economic growth and youth not in employment, education or training (NEET) status implicates a substantial threat of missing potential human capital from the Indian economy, which if not tackled at the moment will incur a hefty economic and social cost to the economy and labour market of the country.

Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Chapter 6. Summary, Conclusions and Policy Implications

Abstract

This chapter presents discusses and presents the summary of findings, implications of the study, policy implications of the findings and way forward. This study argues that it is an attempt to address the predicament of youth labour market in India in the post-years of liberalization. Highlighting the challenge of declining female labour and workforce among youth in the country, the study indicates the growing gender disparity of the youth labour market. However, the study illustrates the mounting challenge of not in employment, education or training (NEET) youth in the country. On this note, the chapter portrays policy implications for an immediate intervention from the government and private sector partners for the re-integration of NEET youth in the activities of production, viz. employment, education, training, skill enhancement and capacity building. Concluding, the chapter suggests future research on changing youth labour market dynamics by considering the challenges of skill, technology and industry 4.0.

Nitin Bisht, Falguni Pattanaik

Backmatter

Titel: Youth in India
verfasst von: Nitin Bisht
Falguni Pattanaik
Copyright-Jahr: 2023
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN: 978-981-9943-30-2
Print ISBN: 978-981-9943-29-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4330-2

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