ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of a hybrid MAC protocol, called Z-MAC, for wireless sensor networks that combines the strengths of TDMA and CSMA while offsetting their weaknesses. Like CSMA, Z-MAC achieves high channel utilization and low-latency under low contention and like TDMA, achieves high channel utilization under high contention and reduces collision among two-hop neighbors at a low cost. A distinctive feature of Z-MAC is that its performance is robust to synchronization errors, slot assignment failures and time-varying channel conditions; in the worst case, its performance always falls back to that of CSMA. Z-MAC is implemented in TinyOS.
- K. Arisha, M. Youssef, and M. Younis. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for sensor networks. In IEEE Workshop on Integrated Management of Power Aware Communications, Computing and NeTworking (IMPACCT 2002), New York City,NY, May 2002.]]Google ScholarCross Ref
- Audio-Video Transport Working Group, H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobson. RFC 1889: RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications, Jan. 1996.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Woo and D. Culler. A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks. In ACM MobiCom 2001, pages 221--235, 2001.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- H. Balakrishnan. Opportunities in high-rate wireless sensor networking. NSF NOSS Principal Investigator and Informational Meetings, October 2004.]]Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P. Sakai. IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 35(9):116--126, 1997.]]Google Scholar
- A. L. Edwards. The correlation coefficient. In An Introduction to Linear Regression and Correlation, pages 33--46. W. H. Freeman, 1976.]]Google Scholar
- A. El-Hoiydi. Spatial TDMA and CSMA with Preamble Sampling for Low Power Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks. In ISCC, pages 685--692, July 2002.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Ephremides and O. A. Mowafi. Analysis of a hybrid access scheme for buffered users--probabilistic time division. In IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-8, No. 1, pages 52--61. IEEE, Jan. 1982.]]Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Ganeriwal, R. Kumar, and M. Srivastava. Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, CA, November 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Hill and D. Culler. A wireless embedded sensor architecture for system-level optimization, 2001.]]Google Scholar
- T. Inukai. An efficient SS/TDMA time slot assignment algorithm. IEEE Trans. Communications, 27:1449--1455, 1979.]]Google ScholarCross Ref
- R. Jain, D.-M. Chiu, and W. Hawe. A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in shared computer system. Technical report, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1984.]]Google Scholar
- K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and Y. Tay. Sift: A MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks. Technical Report MIT-LCS-TR-894, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, 2003.]]Google Scholar
- J. Li and G. Lazarou. A bit-map-assisted energy-efficient MAC scheme for wireless sensor networks. In 3rd Int. Symp. on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN04), pages 55--60, Berkeley,CA, April 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the Second ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Baltimore,MD, November 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- V. Rajendran, K. Obraczka, and J. J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves. Energy-efficient, collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, CA, November 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- S. Ramanathan. A unified framework and algorithms for (T/F/C)DMA channel assignment in wireless networks. In IEEE INFOCOM 1997, pages 900--907, 1997.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- I. Rhee, A. Warrier, and L. Xu. Randomized dining philosophers to TDMA scheduling in wireless sensor networks. Technical report, Computer Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2004.]]Google Scholar
- Y. Tay, K. Jamieson, and H. Balakrishnan. Collision-Minimizing CSMA and its Applications to Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, August 2004.]]Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. van Dam and K. Langendoen. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, CA, November 2003.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- C.-Y. Wan, S. B. Eisenman, and A. T. Campbell. CODA: congestion detection and avoidance in sensor networks. In SenSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 266--279, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM Press.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Warrier and I. Rhee. Stochastic analysis of wireless sensor network MAC protocols. Technical report, Computer Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2005.]]Google Scholar
- A. Woo, T. Tong, and D. Culler. Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks. In SenSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 14--27, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM Press.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 12(3):493--506, 2004.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Zhou, T. He, S. Krishnamurthy, and J. A. Stankovic. Impact of radio irregularity on wireless sensor networks. In MobiSys '04: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, pages 125--138, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM Press.]] Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks
Recommendations
Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks
This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of a hybrid MAC protocol, called Z-MAC, for wireless sensor networks that combines the strengths of TDMA and CSMA while offsetting their weaknesses. Like CSMA, ZMAC achieves high ...
A Wireless MAC Protocol with Collision Detection
The most popular strategies for dealing with packet collisions at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer in distributed wireless networks use a combination of carrier sensing and collision avoidance. When the collision avoidance strategy fails such ...
An adaptive CSMA/TDMA hybrid MAC for energy and throughput improvement of wireless sensor networks
IEEE 802.15.4 as a standard for low rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN) is an applicative choice for implementation of wireless sensor networks. Due to the advantages of this standard and its capabilities for more specification to wireless ...
Comments