Douglas Lanman
Abstract
We optimize automultiscopic displays built by stacking a pair of modified LCD panels. To date, such dual-stacked LCDs have used heuristic parallax barriers for view-dependent imagery: the front LCD shows a fixed array of slits or pinholes, independent of the multi-view content. While prior works adapt the spacing between slits or pinholes, depending on viewer position, we show both layers can also be adapted to the multi-view content, increasing brightness and refresh rate. Unlike conventional barriers, both masks are allowed to exhibit non-binary opacities. It is shown that any 4D light field emitted by a dual-stacked LCD is the tensor product of two 2D masks. Thus, any pair of 1D masks only achieves a rank-1 approximation of a 2D light field. Temporal multiplexing of masks is shown to achieve higher-rank approximations. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) minimizes the weighted Euclidean distance between a target light field and that emitted by the display. Simulations and experiments characterize the resulting content-adaptive parallax barriers for low-rank light field approximation.
- Bell, G. P., Craig, R., Paxton, R., Wong, G., and Galbraith, D. 2008. Beyond flat panels: Multi-layered displays with real depth. SID DIGEST 39, 1, 352--355.Google Scholar
Cross Ref
- Blondel, V. D., Ho, N.-D., and van Dooren, P. 2008. Weighted nonnegative matrix factorization and face feature extraction. Image and Vision Computing.Google Scholar
- Brady, D. J., Pitsianis, N. P., and Sun, X. 2004. Reference structure tomography. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 21, 7, 1140--1147.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cabral, B., and Leedom, L. C. 1993. Imaging vector fields using line integral convolution. In ACM SIGGRAPH, 263--270. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chai, J.-X., Tong, X., Chan, S.-C., and Shum, H.-Y. 2000. Plenoptic sampling. In ACM SIGGRAPH, 307--318. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Chu, M., Diele, F., Plemmons, R., and Ragni, S. 2004. Optimality, computation, and interpretation of nonnegative matrix factorizations. SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis.Google Scholar
- Dodgson, N. A. 2009. Analysis of the viewing zone of multiview autostereoscopic displays. In SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XIII, 254--265.Google Scholar
- Garg, G., Talvala, E.-V., Levoy, M., and Lensch, H. P. A. 2006. Symmetric photography: Exploiting data-sparseness in reflectance fields. In EGSR, 251--262. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hersch, R. D., and Chosson, S. 2004. Band moiré images. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 3, 239--247. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hirsch, M., Lanman, D., Holtzman, H., and Raskar, R. 2009. BiDi screen: A thin, depth-sensing LCD for 3D interaction using lights fields. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 5. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hoshino, H., Okano, F., Isono, H., and Yuyama, I. 1998. Analysis of resolution limitation of integral photography. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 8, 2059--2065.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Isono, H., Yasuda, M., and Sasazawa, H. 1993. Autostereoscopic 3-D display using LCD-generated parallax barrier. Electronics and Communications in Japan 76, 7, 77--84.Google Scholar
- Ives, F. E., 1903. Parallax stereogram and process of making same. United States Patent 725,567.Google Scholar
- Jacobs, A., Mather, J., Winlow, R., Montgomery, D., Jones, G., Willis, M., Tillin, M., Hill, L., Khazova, M., Stevenson, H., and Bourhill, G. 2003. 2D/3D switchable displays. Sharp Technical Journal, 4, 15--18.Google Scholar
- Jones, A., McDowall, I., Yamada, H., Bolas, M., and Debevec, P. 2007. Rendering for an interactive 360° light field display. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kim, Y., Kim, J., Kang, J.-M., Jung, J.-H., Choi, H., and Lee, B. 2007. Point light source integral imaging with improved resolution and viewing angle by the use of electrically movable pinhole array. Optics Express 15, 26, 18253--18267.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Konrad, J., and Halle, M. 2007. 3-D displays and signal processing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 24, 6, 97--111.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lanman, D., Raskar, R., Agrawal, A., and Taubin, G. 2008. Shield fields: Modeling and capturing 3D occluders. ACM Trans. Graph. 27, 5. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lee, D. D., and Seung, H. S. 1999. Learning the parts of objects by non-negative matrix factorization. Nature 401, 788--791.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Levin, A., Hasinoff, S. W., Green, P., Durand, F., and Freeman, W. T. 2009. 4D frequency analysis of computational cameras for depth of field extension. In ACM SIGGRAPH, 1--14. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Levoy, M., and Hanrahan, P. 1996. Light field rendering. In ACM SIGGRAPH, 31--42. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Levoy, M., Zhang, Z., and McDowall, I. 2009. Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope using microlens arrays. Journal of Microscopy 235, 2, 144--162.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lippmann, G. 1908. Epreuves reversible donnant la sensation du relief. Journal of Physics 7, 4, 821--825.Google Scholar
- Ng, R., Levoy, M., Brédif, M., Duval, G., Horowitz, M., and Hanrahan, P. 2005. Light field photography with a hand-held plenoptic camera. Tech. rep., Stanford University.Google Scholar
- Ozaktas, H. M., Yüksel, S., and Kutay, M. A. 2002. Linear algebraic theory of partial coherence: Discrete fields and measures of partial coherence. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 8, 1563--1571.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Perlin, K., Paxia, S., and Kollin, J. S. 2000. An autostereoscopic display. In ACM SIGGRAPH, 319--326. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Persistence of Vision Pty. Ltd., 2004. Persistence of vision raytracer (version 3.6). http://www.povray.org.Google Scholar
- Peterka, T., Kooima, R. L., Sandin, D. J., Johnson, A., Leigh, J., and DeFanti, T. A. 2008. Advances in the dynallax solid-state dynamic parallax barrier autostereoscopic visualization display system. IEEE TVCG 14, 3, 487--499. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Slinger, C., Cameron, C., and Stanley, M. 2005. Computer-generated holography as a generic display technology. IEEE Computer 38, 8, 46--53. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Srebro, N., and Jaakkola, T. 2003. Weighted low-rank approximations. In ICML, 720--727.Google Scholar
- Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory, 2008. The Stanford light field archive. http://lightfield.stanford.edu.Google Scholar
- Veeraraghavan, A., Raskar, R., Agrawal, A., Mohan, A., and Tumblin, J. 2007. Dappled photography: Mask enhanced cameras for heterodyned light fields and coded aperture refocusing. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 3, 69. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Woodgate, G. J., and Harrold, J. 2003. High efficiency reconfigurable 2D/3D autostereoscopic display. In SID DIGEST.Google Scholar
- Woods, A. J., and Sehic, A. 2009. The compatibility of LCD TVs with time-sequential stereoscopic 3D visualization. In SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XX.Google Scholar
- Zhang, T., Fang, B., Liu, W., Tang, Y. Y., He, G., and Wen, J. 2008. Total variation norm-based nonnegative matrix factorization for identifying discriminant representation of image patterns. Neurocomputing 71, 10--12, 1824--1831. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Zwicker, M., Vetro, A., Yea, S., Matusik, W., Pfister, H., and Durand, F. 2007. Resampling, antialiasing, and compression in multiview 3-D displays. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 24, 6, 88--96.Google ScholarCross Ref
Recommendations
Polarization fields: dynamic light field display using multi-layer LCDs
SA '11: Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia ConferenceWe introduce polarization field displays as an optically-efficient design for dynamic light field display using multi-layered LCDs. Such displays consist of a stacked set of liquid crystal panels with a single pair of crossed linear polarizers. Each ...
Tensor displays: compressive light field synthesis using multilayer displays with directional backlighting
We introduce tensor displays: a family of compressive light field displays comprising all architectures employing a stack of time-multiplexed, light-attenuating layers illuminated by uniform or directional backlighting (i.e., any low-resolution light ...
Polarization fields: dynamic light field display using multi-layer LCDs
We introduce polarization field displays as an optically-efficient design for dynamic light field display using multi-layered LCDs. Such displays consist of a stacked set of liquid crystal panels with a single pair of crossed linear polarizers. Each ...
Comments