Joey Scarr
Andy Cockburn
ABSTRACT
Interface guidelines encourage designers to include shortcut mechanisms that enable high levels of expert performance, but prior research has demonstrated that few users switch to using them. To help understand how interfaces can better support a transition to expert performance we develop a framework of the interface and human factors influencing expertise development. We then present a system called Blur that addresses three main problems in promoting the transition: prompting an initial switch to expert techniques, minimising the performance dip arising from the switch, and enabling a high performance ceiling. Blur observes the user's interaction with unaltered desktop applications and uses calm notification to support learning and promote awareness of an alternative hot command interface. An empirical study validates Blur's design, showing that users make an early and sustained switch to hot commands, and that doing so improves their performance and satisfaction.
Supplemental Material
- Anderson, J. Learning and Memory. Wiley, NY, 1995.Google Scholar
- Barrett, R., Kandogan, E., Maglio, P., Haber, E., Takayama, L. and Prabaker, M. Field studies of computer system administrators. in Proc. CSCW'04, ACM, (2004), 388--395. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bhavnani, S. and John, B. The Strategic Use of Complex Computer Systems. HCIJ 15 (2000), 107--137. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bunt, A., Conati, C. and McGrenere, J. Supporting Interface Customization using a Mixed-Initiative Approach. in Proc. IUI '07, ACM, (2007), 92--101. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Card, S.K., Moran, T.P. and Newell, A. The Psychology of HCI. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983.Google Scholar
- Carroll, J. and Carrithers, C. Training Wheels in a User Interface. Comms. ACM 27, 8 (1984), 800--806. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Carroll, J. and Rossen, M. Paradox of the active user. in Carroll, J. ed. Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of HCI, MIT Press, 1987, 80--111. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cockburn, A., Kristensson, P., Alexander, J. and Zhai, S. Hard Lessons: Effort-Inducing Interfaces Benefit Spatial Learning. in Proc. CHI, (2007), 1571--1580. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cockburn, A. and McKenzie, B. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Spatial Memory in 2D and 3D Physical and Virtual Environments. in Proc. CHI'02, ACM, (2002), 203--210. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Craik, F. and Lockhart, R. Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11 (1972), 671--684.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cypher, A., Dontcheva, M., Lau, T. and Nichols, J. No Code Required. Morgan Kaufmann, 2010.Google Scholar
- Czerwinski, M., Horvitz, E. and Cuttrell, E. Subjective Duration Assessment: An Impicit Probe for Software Usability. in Proc. IHM-HCI, (2001).Google Scholar
- Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G. and Beale, R. Human-Computer Interaction, Prentice Hall. (1993). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dyck, J., Pienelle, D., Brown, B. and Gutwin, C. Learning from Games: HCI Innovations in Entertainment Software. in Proc. GI, (2003).Google Scholar
- Furnas, G.W., Landauer, T.K., Gomez, L.M. and Dumais, S.T. The vocabulary problem in human-system communication. CACM 30, 11 (1987), 964--971. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Greenberg, S. and Witten, I. Supporting Command Reuse. IJMMS. 39 (1993), 353--390. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Grossman, T., Dragicevic, P. and Balakrishnan, R. Strategies for Accelearating On-line Learning of Hotkeys. in Proc. CHI'07, ACM, (2007). 1591--1600. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Grossman, T., Fitzmaurice, G. and Attar, R. A survey of software learnability. in Proc. CHI, (2009). 649--658. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gutwin, C. and Cockburn, A. Improving List Revistation with ListMaps. in Proc. AVI'06, ACM, (2006), 396--403. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hart, S. and Staveland, L. Development of NASA-TLX. in Hancock, P. and Meshkati, N. eds. Human Mental Workload, 1988, 139--183.Google Scholar
- Hendy, J., Booth, K. and McGrenere, J. Graphically Enhanced Keyboard Accelerators for GUIs. in Proc. Graphics Interface, (2010). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, T. Incidental learning during information retrieval: a hypertext experiment. in Maurer, H. ed. Computer Assisted Learning, Springer, 1989, 235--251. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Karat, J., Karat, C. and Ukelson, J. Affordances, motivation and the design of user interfaces. CACM 43, 8 (2000), 49--51. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ko, A., Myers, B. and Aung, H. Six Learning Barriers in End-User Programming Systems. in Proc. VL HCC'04, IEEE, (2004), 199--206. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kurtenbach, G. and Buxton, B. The Limits of Expert Performance Using Hierarchic Marking Menus. in Proc. InterCHI'93, (1993), 482--487. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Landauer, T.K., Galotti, K.M. and Hartwell, S. Natural command names and initial learning: a study of text-editing terms. Comms. ACM 26, 7 (1983), 495--503. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Lane, D.M., Napier, H.A., Peres, S.C. and Sandor, A. Hidden costs of graphical user interfaces. I. J. HCI 18, 2 (2005), 133--144.Google Scholar
- Mackay, W. Triggers and barriers to customizing software. in Proc. CHI'91, ACM, (1991), 153--160. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Maslow, A. The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance. Harper & Row, New York, 1966.Google Scholar
- Newell, A. and Rosenbloom, P.S. Mechanisms of Skill Acquisition and the Law of Practice. in Anderson, J. ed. Cog. Skills & Acquisition, Erlbaum,, 1981, 1--55.Google Scholar
- Nielsen, J. Usability Engineering. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1993. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Norman, D. Design principles for Human-Computer Interfaces. in Proc. 'CHI 83, 1983, 1--10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Norman, D. The Psych. of Everyday Things (1988).Google Scholar
- Odell, D., L., Davis, R., C., Smith, A. and Wright, P., K. Toolglasses, marking menus, and hotkeys: a comparison of one and two-handed command selection techniques. in Proc. Graphics Interface, (2004), 17--24. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schmidt, R. and Bjork, R. The Conceptualizations of Practice. Psychological Science 3, 4 (1992), 207--217.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shelton, D. and Newhouse, R.C. Incidental Learning in a Paired-Associate Task. Journal of Experimental Education 50, 1 (1981), 36--38.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shneiderman, B. Designing the User Interface, Addison Wesley, 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shneiderman, B. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages (excerpt). in Baecker, et al.. Readings in HCI, 1987, 461--467. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Shneiderman, B. Promoting universal usability with multi-layer interface design. in Proc. Universal Usability, ACM, (2003), 1--8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Simon, H. Theories of Decision-Making in Economics and Behavioral Science. American Economic Review 49, 3 (1959), 252--283.Google Scholar
- Tauscher, L. and Greenberg, S. How People Revisit Web Pages. IJHCS. 47, 1 (1997), 97--138. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Whiteside, J., Jones, S., Levy, P. and Wixon, D. User Performance with Command, Menu, and Iconic Interfaces. in Proc. CHI'85, ACM, (1985), 185--191.. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Dips and ceilings: understanding and supporting transitions to expertise in user interfaces
Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.
Recommendations
Technology-Enhanced Learning for Improving Complex Problem-Solving Expertise
ICALT '13: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Advanced Learning TechnologiesLearning through complex problem solving has received increased attention in educational areas. This is particularly the case in challenging domains such as medical education, where problem-based learning (PBL) is widely adopted and found to be ...
Scaffolding Player Location Awareness through Audio Cues in First-Person Shooters
CHI '16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsDigital games require players to learn various skills, which is often accomplished through play itself. In multiplayer games, novices can feel overwhelmed if competing against better players, and can fail to improve, which may lead to unsatisfying play ...
XAI for learning: Narrowing down the digital divide between “new” and “old” experts
NordiCHI '22: Adjunct Proceedings of the 2022 Nordic Human-Computer Interaction ConferenceRegular eXplainable AI (XAI) approaches are often ineffective in supporting decision-makers across domains. In some instances, it can even lead to automation bias or algorithmic aversion or would simply be ignored as a redundant feature. Based on ...
Comments