Fabrication, and characterization of crosslinked sodium alginate/hyaluronic acid/gelatin 3Dprinted heparin-loaded scaffold

Coronary restenosis is the primary unsolved problem following open heart surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and yet, it remains unknown how a pharmaceutical strategy minimizes restenosis by scaffold-based administration of several medicines. In this study, 3D-printed hexagonal polymer scaffolds of sodium alginate/hyaluronic acid/gelatin (SA/HA/Gel) loaded with heparin drug were fabricated. The morphology, physicochemical, and surface properties of the scaffolds were investigated through SEM, FTIR, porosity, wettability, water absorption, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and heparin release studies. The cell-scaffold interactions were studied by the cell attachment assays and MTT assay on L929 cell lines. The investigation demonstrated that raising the print angle resulted in 3D-printed scaffolds having higher porosity percentages, mechanical qualities, and heparin release (P < 0.05), but had no discernible impact on the scaffolds’ biological properties (P > 0.05). Heparin showed a regulated slow-release behavior that was consistent with the scaffolds’ rate of degradation and may be continually efficient during tissue regeneration. According to the outcomes of the in vitro biological evaluation, the 3D-printed scaffolds showed suitable cell attachment and biocompatibility (> 90%), and they were not overtly hazardous. The findings support the use of the fabricated 3D-printed SA/HA/Gel heparin-loaded scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue applications.