ABSTRACT
Search engine researchers typically depict search as the solitary activity of an individual searcher. In contrast, results from our critical-incident survey of 150 users on Amazon's Mechanical Turk service suggest that social interactions play an important role throughout the search process. Our main contribution is that we have integrated models from previous work in sensemaking and information seeking behavior to present a canonical social model of user activities before, during, and after search, suggesting where in the search process both explicitly and implicitly shared information may be valuable to individual searchers.
- S. Amershi and M. R. Morris. CoSearch: A system for colocated collaborative web search. In Proc. CHI'08, ACM Press, pages 1647--1656, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Bates. Toward an integrated model of information seeking and searching. In The 4th Int'l Conf. on Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Contexts (Keynote address), September 11--13 2002.Google Scholar
- A. Broder. A taxonomy of web search. In ACM SIGIR Forum, pages 3--10, 2002. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Castillo, H. R. Hartson, and D. Hix. Remote usability evaluation: Can users report their own critical incidents. In Proc. CHI'98, ACM Press, pages 253--254, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. D. Catledge and J. E. Pitkow. Characterizing browsing strategies in the World-Wide Web. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 27(6):1065--1073, 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. W. Choo, B. Detlor, and D. Turnbull. Information seeking on the web: An integrated model of browsing and searching. In Proc. ASIS'99, ACM Press, pages 3--16, 1999.Google Scholar
- A. Cockburn and S. Jones. Which way now? Analysing and easing inadequacies in WWW navigation. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 45:105--129, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Ellis. A behavioural model for information retrieval system design. Journal of Information Science, 15(4/5):237--247, 1989. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. M. Evans and S. K. Card. Augmented information assimilation: Social and algorithmic web aids for the information long tail. In Proc. CHI'08, ACM Press, pages 989--998, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Flanagan. The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51:327--358, 1954.Google ScholarCross Ref
- E. A. Fox, D. Hix, L. T. Nowell, D. J. Brueni, W. C. Wake, L. S. Heath, and D. Rao. Users, user interfaces, and objects--envison, a digital library. JASIS, 44(8):480--491, 1993. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. W. Furnas, T. K. Landauer, L. M. Gomez, and S. T. Dumais. The vocabulary problem in human-system communication. Commun. ACM, 30(11):964--971, 1987. Google ScholarDigital Library
- N. S. Glance. Community search assistant. In Proc. Intelligent User Interfaces, pages 91--96, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Goldberg, D. Nichols, B. M. Oki, and D. Terry. Using collaborative filtering to weave an information tapestry. Commun. ACM, 35(12):61--70, 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Heymann, G. Koutrika, and H. Garcia-Molina. Can social bookmarking improve web search? In Proc. WSDM'08, ACM Press, pages 195--206, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. I. Hofgesang. Web personalisation through incremental individual profiling and support-based user segmentation. In Proc. IEEE'07, ACM Press, pages 111--120, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Hong, E. H. Chi, R. Budiu, P. Pirolli, and L. Nelson. Spartag.us: a low cost tagging system for foraging of web content. In Proc AVI '08: ACM Press, pages 65--72, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- W. Jones and J. Teevan. Personal Information Management. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2007.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Kittur, E. H. Chi, and B. Suh. Crowdsourcing user studies with Mechanical Turk. In Proc. CHI'08, ACM Press, pages 453--456, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. A. Konstan, B. N. Miller, D. Maltz, J. L. Herlocker, L. R. Gordon, and J. Riedl. GroupLens: Applying collaborative filtering to Usenet news. Commun. ACM, 40(3):77--87, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. C. Kuhlthau. Inside the search process: Information seeking from the user's perspective. JASIS, 42(5):361--371, 1991.Google ScholarCross Ref
- K. J. Lee. What goes around comes around: An analysis of del.icio.us as social space. In Proc. CSCW'06, ACM Press, pages 191--194, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Marchionini. Information Seeking in Electronic Environments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. R. Millen, J. Feinberg, and B. Kerr. Dogear: Social bookmarking in the enterprise. In Proc. CHI'06, ACM Press, pages 111--120, 2006. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Morris. A survey of collaborative web search practices. In Proc. CHI'08, ACM Press, pages 1657--1660, 2008. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. R. Morris and E. Horvitz. SearchTogether: An interface for collaborative web search. In Proc. UIST'07, ACM Press, pages 3--12, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Pirolli and S. K. Card. Information foraging. Psychological Review, 106:643--675, 1999.Google ScholarCross Ref
- P. Pirolli and S. K. Card. The sensemaking process and leverage points for analyst technology as identified through cognitive task analysis. In Proc. Int'l Conf. on Intelligence Analysis'05, pages 2--4, 2005.Google Scholar
- T. Rodden. A survey of CSCW systems. Interacting with Computers, 3(3):319--354, 1991.Google ScholarCross Ref
- D. M. Russell, M. J. Stefik, P. Pirolli, and S. K. Card. The cost structure of sensemaking. In Proc. CHI'93, ACM Press, pages 269--276, 1993. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Shepherd. The Information Needs and Information Seeking Behaviour of Polytechnic History Lecturers. British Library, London, 1983.Google Scholar
- B. Smyth. A community-based approach to personalizing web search. Computer, 40(8):42--50, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. S. Taylor. Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & Research Libraries, 29(3):178--194, 1968.Google ScholarCross Ref
- M. B. Twidale, D. M. Nichols, and C. D. Paice. Browsing is a collaborative process. Information Processing and Management, 33(6):761--783, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- T. Wilson. On user studies and information needs. Journal of Documentation, 37(1):3--15, 1981.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Y. Yanbe, A. Jatowt, S. Nakamura, and K. Tanaka. Can social bookmarking enhance search in the web? In Proc. JCDL'07, ACM Press, pages 107--116, 2007. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- Towards a model of understanding social search
Recommendations
An elaborated model of social search
Search engine researchers typically depict search as the solitary activity of an individual searcher. In contrast, results from our critical-incident survey of 150 users on Amazon's Mechanical Turk service suggest that social interactions play an ...
Towards a model of understanding social search
SSM '08: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM workshop on Search in social mediaSearch engine researchers typically depict search as the solitary activity of an individual searcher. In contrast, results from our critical-incident survey of 150 users on Amazon's Mechanical Turk service suggest that social interactions play an ...
The value of social search: seeking collective personal experience in social Q&A
ASIST '13: Proceedings of the 76th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Beyond the Cloud: Rethinking Information BoundariesIn this paper, we examine the value of social question-answering (Q&A) services as a platform for social search. We present a quasi-field study where we instructed 20 study participants to use a social Q&A service, Yahoo! Answers, for a period of one ...
Comments