Joanna Bergstrom-Lehtovirta
Antti Oulasvirta
Stephen Brewster
ABSTRACT
Studies have reported negative effects of walking on mobile human---computer interaction when compared to standing or sitting. However, the quantitative relationship between walking speed and user performance is unknown. In the study described here, we varied walking speed on a treadmill and measured effects on discrete aiming movements on a touchscreen interface. Their relationship was found to be non-linear with a local optimum: when walking at 40--80% of one's preferred walking speed (PWS), target acquisition performance plateaus, indicating optimal trade-off between speed and interaction. Accelerometer data showed that, despite increasing hand oscillation, users were able to maintain stable interaction performance at 74% of PWS. Interestingly, this speed coincides with the speed users spontaneously walk when interacting with a mobile device.
- Barnard, L., Yi, J. S., Jacko, J. A., and Sears, A. An empirical comparison of use-in-motion evaluation scenarios for mobile computing devices. Intl. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 62, 4 (2005), 487--520. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- Brewster, S. Overcoming the lack of screen space on mobile computers. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 6, 3 (2002), 188--205. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cotes, J. and Meade, F. The energy expenditure and mechanical energy demand in walking. Ergonomics, 3, 2 (1960), 97--119.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Crossan, A., Murray-Smith, R., Brewster, S., Kelly, J., and Musizza, B. Gait phase effects in mobile interaction. Ext. Abs. CHI 2005, ACM Press (2005), 1312--1315. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Crossan, A., Murray-Smith, R., Brewster, S., and Musizza, B. Instrumented usability analysis for mobile devices. Handbook of Mobile HCI. The Ideas Group Inc. (2007).Google Scholar
- Kane, S. K., Wobbrock, J. O., and Smith, I. E. Getting off the treadmill: evaluating walking user interfaces for mobile devices in public spaces. Proc. MobileHCI 2008, ACM Press (2008), 109--118. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kjeldskov, J. and Stage, J. New techniques for usability evaluation of mobile systems. Intl. J. of Human-Computer Studies, 60, 5--6 (2004), 599--620.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lin, M., Goldman, R., Price, K. J., Sears, A., and Jacko, J. How do people tap when walking? An empirical investigation of nomadic data entry. Intl. J. of Human-Computer Studies, 65, 9 (2007), 759--769. Google ScholarDigital Library
- MacKay, B., Dearman, D., Inkpen, K., and Watters, C. Walk'n scroll: a comparison of software-based navigation techniques for different levels of mobility. In Proc. MobileHCI 2005, ACM Press (2005), 183--190. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mustonen, T., Olkkonen, M., and Hakkinen, J. Examining mobile phone text legibility while walking. Ext. Abs. CHI 2004, ACM Press (2004), 1243--1246. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Oulasvirta, A., Tamminen, S., Roto, V., and Kuorelahti, J. Interaction in 4--second bursts: The fragmented nature of attentional resources in mobile HCI. Proc. CHI2005, ACM Press (2005), New York, pp. 919--928. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pirhonen, A., Brewster, S., and Holguin, C. Gestural and audio metaphors as a means of control for mobile devices. Proc. CHI2002, ACM Press (2002), 291--298. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ralston, H. Energy-speed relation and optimal speed during level walking. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 17, 4 (1958), 277--283.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Riley, P. O., Paolini, G., Della Croce, U., Paylo, K. W., and Kerrigan, D. C. A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill walking in healthy subjects. Gait & Posture, 26, 1 (2007), 17--24Google ScholarCross Ref
- Schildbach, B. and Rukzio, E. Investigating selection and reading performance on a mobile phone while walking. Proc. MobileHCI 2010, ACM Press (2010), 93--102. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Yatani, K. and Truong, K. N. An evaluation of stylus-based text entry methods on handheld devices studied in different user mobility states. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 5, 5 (2009), 496--508. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
- The effects of walking speed on target acquisition on a touchscreen interface
Recommendations
Controlling the Walking Speed in Limit Cycle Walking
“Limit Cycle Walking” is a relatively new paradigm for the design and control of two-legged walking robots. It states that achieving stable periodic gait is possible without locally stabilizing the walking trajectory at every instant in ...
Using Distributed Foot Pressure to Analyze the Effect of Walking Speed on Foot Pressure Distribution
ICBBT '23: Proceedings of the 2023 15th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical TechnologyThe distribution of plantar pressure was affected by different walking speeds.Plantar stress is thought to have a great connection with human health. Some foot disease features may be manifested by abnormal distribution of plantar pressure. The ...
The relationship between encumbrance and walking speed on mobile interactions
CHI EA '13: CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsThe effects of encumbrance (holding cumbersome objects while using mobile devices) have received little attention when examining mobile interactions. People often carry items while on the move and use their mobile devices at the same time, causing ...
Comments