Abstract
Even though the human eye is one of the central features of individual appearance, its shape has so far been mostly approximated in our community with gross simplifications. In this paper we demonstrate that there is a lot of individuality to every eye, a fact that common practices for 3D eye generation do not consider. To faithfully reproduce all the intricacies of the human eye we propose a novel capture system that is capable of accurately reconstructing all the visible parts of the eye: the white sclera, the transparent cornea and the non-rigidly deforming colored iris. These components exhibit very different appearance properties and thus we propose a hybrid reconstruction method that addresses them individually, resulting in a complete model of both spatio-temporal shape and texture at an unprecedented level of detail, enabling the creation of more believable digital humans. Finally, we believe that the findings of this paper will alter our community's current assumptions regarding human eyes, and our work has the potential to significantly impact the way that eyes will be modelled in the future.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
Supplemental material.
- Alexander, O., Rogers, M., Lambeth, W., Chiang, J.-Y., Ma, W.-C., Wang, C.-C., and Debevec, P. 2010. The digital emily project: Achieving a photorealistic digital actor. IEEE CG&A 30, 4, 20--31. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ares, M., and Royo, S. 2006. Comparison of cubic b-spline and zernike-fitting techniques in complex wavefront reconstruction. Applied optics 45, 27, 6954--6964.Google Scholar
- Atcheson, B., Heide, F., and Heidrich, W. 2010. CAL-Tag: High precision fiducial markers for camera calibration. In International Workshop on Vision, Modeling and Visualization.Google Scholar
- Atchison, D. A., Jones, C. E., Schmid, K. L., Pritchard, N., Pope, J. M., Strugnell, W. E., and Riley, R. A. 2004. Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 45, 10, 3380--3386.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Beeler, T., Bickel, B., Sumner, R., Beardsley, P., and Gross, M. 2010. High-quality single-shot capture of facial geometry. ACM Trans. Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 29, 40:1--40:9. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Beeler, T., Hahn, F., Bradley, D., Bickel, B., Beardsley, P., Gotsman, C., Sumner, R. W., and Gross, M. 2011. High-quality passive facial performance capture using anchor frames. ACM Trans. Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 30, 4, 75. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Beeler, T., Bickel, B., Noris, G., Beardsley, P., Marschner, S., Sumner, R. W., and Gross, M. 2012. Coupled 3D reconstruction of sparse facial hair and skin. ACM Trans. Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 31, 4, 117:1--117:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Besl, P. J., and McKay, N. D. 1992. A method for registration of 3-d shapes. IEEE Trans. on PAMI 14, 2, 239--256. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Blanz, V., and Vetter, T. 1999. A morphable model for the synthesis of 3d faces. In Proc. of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, 187--194. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bradley, D., Heidrich, W., Popa, T., and Sheffer, A. 2010. High resolution passive facial performance capture. ACM Trans. Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 29, 4, 41. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Brox, T., Bruhn, A., Papenberg, N., and Weickert, J. 2004. High accuracy optical flow estimation based on a theory for warping. In ECCV. Springer, 25--36.Google Scholar
- Eagle Jr, R. 1988. Iris pigmentation and pigmented lesions: an ultrastructural study. Trans. of the American Ophthalmological Society 86, 581.Google Scholar
- Efros, A. A., and Leung, T. K. 1999. Texture synthesis by non-parametric sampling. In IEEE ICCV, 1033--1038. Google ScholarDigital Library
- François, G., Gautron, P., Breton, G., and Bouatouch, K. 2009. Image-based modeling of the human eye. IEEE TVCG 15, 5, 815--827. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Garrido, P., Valgaerts, L., Wu, C., and Theobalt, C. 2013. Reconstructing detailed dynamic face geometry from monocular video. ACM Trans. Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH Asia) 32, 6, 158. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ghosh, A., Fyffe, G., Tunwattanapong, B., Busch, J., Yu, X., and Debevec, P. 2011. Multiview face capture using polarized spherical gradient illumination. ACM Trans. Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH Asia) 30, 6, 129. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Graham, P., Tunwattanapong, B., Busch, J., Yu, X., Jones, A., Debevec, P., and Ghosh, A. 2013. Measurement-based synthesis of facial microgeometry. In Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 32, 335--344.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hachol, A., Szczepanowska-Nowak, W., Kasprzak, H., Zawojska, I., Dudzinski, A., Kinasz, R., and Wygledowska-Promienska, D. 2007. Measurement of pupil reactivity using fast pupillometry. Physiological measurement 28, 1, 61.Google Scholar
- Halstead, M. A., Barsky, B. A., Klein, S. A., and Mandell, R. B. 1996. Reconstructing curved surfaces from specular reflection patterns using spline surface fitting of normals. In Proceedings of Computer graphics and interactive techniques, 335--342. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Haralick, R. M. 1979. Statistical and structural approaches to texture. Proc. IEEE 67, 5, 786--804.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Hernández, C., Vogiatzis, G., and Cipolla, R. 2008. Multiview photometric stereo. IEEE PAMI 30, 3, 548--554. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Huang, D., Swanson, E. A., Lin, C. P., Schuman, J. S., Stinson, W. G., Chang, W., Hee, M. R., Flotte, T., Gregory, K., Puliafito, C. A., et al. 1991. Optical coherence tomography. Science 254, 5035, 1178--1181.Google Scholar
- Ihrke, I., Kutulakos, K. N., Lensch, H. P., Magnor, M., and Heidrich, W. 2008. State of the art in transparent and specular object reconstruction. In Eurographics 2008 - State of the Art Reports.Google Scholar
- Lam, M. W. Y., and Baranoski, G. V. G. 2006. A predictive light transport model for the human iris. In Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 25, 359--368.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Lefohn, A., Budge, B., Shirley, P., Caruso, R., And Reinhard, E. 2003. An ocularist's approach to human iris synthesis. IEEE CG&A 23, 6, 70--75. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ma, W.-C., Hawkins, T., Peers, P., Chabert, C.-F., Weiss, M., and Debevec, P. 2007. Rapid acquisition of specular and diffuse normal maps from polarized spherical gradient illumination. In Proc. Rendering Techniques, 183--194. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pamplona, V. F., Oliveira, M. M., and Baranoski, G. V. 2009. Photorealistic models for pupil light reflex and iridal pattern deformation. ACM Trans. Graphics (TOG) 28, 4, 106. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Piñero, D. P. 2013. Technologies for anatomical and geometric characterization of the corneal structure and anterior segment: a review. In Seminars in Ophthalmology, no. 0, 1--10.Google Scholar
- Rio-Cristobal, A., and Martin, R. 2014. Corneal assessment technologies: Current status. Survey of Ophthalmology.Google Scholar
- Ruhland, K., Andrist, S., Badler, J., Peters, C., Badler, N., Gleicher, M., Mutlu, B., and McDonnell, R. 2014. Look me in the eyes: A survey of eye and gaze animation for virtual agents and artificial systems. In Eurographics State of the Art Reports, 69--91.Google Scholar
- Sagar, M. A., Bullivant, D., Mallinson, G. D., and Hunter, P. J. 1994. A virtual environment and model of the eye for surgical simulation. In Proceedings of Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 205--212. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Seitz, S. M., Curless, B., Diebel, J., Scharstein, D., and Szeliski, R. 2006. A comparison and evaluation of multi-view stereo reconstruction algorithms. In IEEE CVPR, vol. 1, 519--528. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Smolek, M. K., and Klyce, S. D. 2003. Zernike polynomial fitting fails to represent all visually significant corneal aberrations. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 44, 11, 4676--4681.Google Scholar
- Sorkine, O., Cohen-Or, D., Lipman, Y., Alexa, M., Rössl, C., and Seidel, H.-P. 2004. Laplacian surface editing. In Proc. SGP, 175--184. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Vivino, M., Chintalagiri, S., Trus, B., and Datiles, M. 1993. Development of a scheimpflug slit lamp camera system for quantitative densitometric analysis. Eye 7, 6, 791--798.Google ScholarCross Ref
Index Terms
- High-quality capture of eyes
Recommendations
Lightweight eye capture using a parametric model
Facial scanning has become ubiquitous in digital media, but so far most efforts have focused on reconstructing the skin. Eye reconstruction, on the other hand, has received only little attention, and the current state-of-the-art method is cumbersome for ...
Just blink your eyes: a head-free gaze tracking system
CHI EA '03: CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing SystemsWe propose a head-free, easy-setup gaze tracking system designed for a gaze-based Human-Computer Interaction. Our system enables the user to interact with the computer soon after catching the user's eye blinks. The user can move his/her head freely ...
Eyes alive
For an animated human face model to appear natural it should produce eye movements consistent with human ocular behavior. During face-to-face conversational interactions, eyes exhibit conversational turn-taking and agent thought processes through gaze ...
Comments