Joseph O'Hagan
Pejman Saeghe
Mohamed Khamis
Skip Abstract Section
Skip Supplemental Material SectionAbstract
Fundamental to Augmented Reality (AR) headsets is their capacity to visually and aurally sense the world around them, necessary to drive the positional tracking that makes rendering 3D spatial content possible. This requisite sensing also opens the door for more advanced AR-driven activities, such as augmented perception, volumetric capture and biometric identification - activities with the potential to expose bystanders to significant privacy risks. Existing Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) often safeguard against these risks at a low level e.g., instituting camera access controls. However, we argue that such PETs are incompatible with the need for always-on sensing given AR headsets' intended everyday use. Through an online survey (N=102), we examine bystanders' awareness of, and concerns regarding, potentially privacy infringing AR activities; the extent to which bystanders' consent should be sought; and the level of granularity of information necessary to provide awareness of AR activities to bystanders. Our findings suggest that PETs should take into account the AR activity type, and relationship to bystanders, selectively facilitating awareness and consent. In this way, we can ensure bystanders feel their privacy is respected by everyday AR headsets, and avoid unnecessary rejection of these powerful devices by society.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
zip
o-hagan.zip (63.6 MB)
Supplemental movie, appendix, image and software files for, Privacy-Enhancing Technology and Everyday Augmented Reality: Understanding Bystanders' Varying Needs for Awareness and Consent
- 2021. Guide to the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR). https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/ Publisher: ICO.Google Scholar
- 2021. RightsCon: As AR/VR becomes a reality, it needs a human rights framework. https://www.eff.org/event/rightscon-arvr-becomes-reality-it-needs-human-rights-frameworkGoogle Scholar
- Article 19. 2021. Emotion Recognition Technology Report. https://www.article19.org/emotion-recognition-technology-report/Google Scholar
- Article 19. 2021. When bodies become data: Biometric technologies and free expression. https://www.article19.org/biometric-technologies-privacy-data-free-expression/Google Scholar
- Melvin Abraham, Pejman Saeghe, Mark Mcgill, and Mohamed Khamis. 2022. Implications of XR on Privacy, Security and Behaviour: Insights from Experts. In Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference (Aarhus, Denmark) (NordiCHI '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 30, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3546155.3546691Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alessandro Acquisti, Ralph Gross, and Fred Stutzman. 2011. Faces of facebook: Privacy in the age of augmented reality. BlackHat USA 2 (2011), 1--20.Google Scholar
- Alessandro Acquisti, Ralph Gross, and Frederic D. Stutzman. 2014. Face recognition and privacy in the age of augmented reality. Journal of Privacy and Confidentiality 6, 2 (2014), 1. https://doi.org/10/gh3w6cGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Anne Adams and Martina Angela Sasse. 1999. Users Are Not the Enemy. Commun. ACM 42, 12 (Dec. 1999), 40--46. https://doi.org/10.1145/322796.322806Google ScholarDigital Library
- Imtiaz Ahmad, Rosta Farzan, Apu Kapadia, and Adam J. Lee. 2020. Tangible Privacy: Towards User-Centric Sensor Designs for Bystander Privacy. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (Oct. 2020), 116:1--116:28. https://doi.org/10/gmk8w9Google Scholar
- Tousif Ahmed, Apu Kapadia, Venkatesh Potluri, and Manohar Swaminathan. 2018. Up to a Limit? Privacy Concerns of Bystanders and Their Willingness to Share Additional Information with Visually Impaired Users of Assistive Technologies. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2, 3 (Sept. 2018), 89:1----89:27. https://doi.org/10/gmmd9bGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Rawan Alharbi, Mariam Tolba, Lucia C. Petito, Josiah Hester, and Nabil Alshurafa. 2019. To Mask or Not to Mask? Balancing Privacy with Visual Confirmation Utility in Activity-Oriented Wearable Cameras. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 3, 3 (Sept. 2019), 72:1--72:29. https://doi.org/10/gmk8wgGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Sally A. Applin and Catherine Flick. 2021. Facebook's Project Aria indicates problems for responsible innovation when broadly deploying AR and other pervasive technology in the Commons. Journal of Responsible Technology 5 (2021), 100010. https://doi.org/10/gk6g7n Publisher: Elsevier.Google ScholarCross Ref
- A. Barth, A. Datta, J.C. Mitchell, and H. Nissenbaum. 2006. Privacy and contextual integrity: framework and applications. In 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S P'06). 15 pp.-198. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2006.32Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mitchell Baxter, Anna Bleakley, Justin Edwards, Leigh Clark, Benjamin R. Cowan, and Julie R. Williamson. 2021. "You, Move There!": Investigating the Impact of Feedback on Voice Control in Virtual Environments. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3469595.3469609Google ScholarDigital Library
- BBC News. 2019. Upskirting now a crime after woman's campaign. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47902522Google Scholar
- Sebastian Benthall, Seda Gürses, and Helen Nissenbaum. 2017. Contextual Integrity through the Lens of Computer Science. Found. Trends Priv. Secur. 2, 1 (dec 2017), 1--69. https://doi.org/10.1561/3300000016Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jolie Bonner, Joseph O'Hagan, Florian Mathis, Jamie Ferguson, and Mohamed Khamis. 2021. Using Personal Data to Support Authentication: User Attitudes and Suitability. In 20th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (Leuven, Belgium) (MUM 2021). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 35--42. https://doi.org/10.1145/3490632.3490644Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. PMLR, 77--91. http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html ISSN: 2640--3498.Google Scholar
- Kent Bye. 2019. XR Ethics Manifesto. https://www.slideshare.net/kentbye/xr-ethics-manifesto-updated-nov-2--2019Google Scholar
- Supriyo Chakraborty, Chenguang Shen, Kasturi Rangan Raghavan, Yasser Shoukry, Matt Millar, and Mani Srivastava. 2014. ipShield: A Framework For Enforcing Context-Aware Privacy. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 14). USENIX Association, Seattle, WA, 143--156. https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi14/technical-sessions/presentation/chakrabortyGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Raja Chatila and John C. Havens. 2019. The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. In Robotics and Well-Being, Maria Isabel Aldinhas Ferreira, João Silva Sequeira, Gurvinder Singh Virk, Mohammad Osman Tokhi, and Endre E. Kadar (Eds.). Vol. 95. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 11--16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12524-0_2 Series Title: Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bobby Chesney and Danielle Citron. 2019. Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. Calif. L. Rev. 107 (2019), 1753. Publisher: HeinOnline.Google Scholar
- SungIk Cho, Seung-wook Kim, JongMin Lee, JeongHyeon Ahn, and JungHyun Han. 2020. Effects of volumetric capture avatars on social presence in immersive virtual environments. In 2020 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR). 26--34. https://doi.org/10/gh2qr9 ISSN: 2642--5254.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Shreya Chopra and Frank Maurer. 2020. Evaluating User Preferences for Augmented Reality Interactions with the Internet of Things. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (Salerno, Italy) (AVI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 20, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3399715.3399716Google ScholarDigital Library
- Soumyadeb Chowdhury, Md Sadek Ferdous, and Joemon M. Jose. 2016. Bystander Privacy in Lifelogging. https://doi.org/10/gmk729Google Scholar
- Strauss A. L. Corbin J. M. 1998. Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE Publications, Inc.Google Scholar
- Kirsten Crager and Anindya Maiti. 2017. Information leakage through mobile motion sensors: User awareness and concerns. In Proceedings of the European Workshop on Usable Security (EuroUSEC).Google ScholarCross Ref
- Poppy Crum. 2019. Hearables: Here come the: Technology tucked inside your ears will augment your daily life. IEEE Spectrum 56, 5 (2019), 38--43. https://doi.org/10/gh2qwv Publisher: IEEE.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Claudia Cuador. 2016. From Street Photography to Face Recognition: Distinguishing between the Right to Be Seen and the Right to Be Recognized. Nova L. Rev. 41 (2016), 237. Publisher: HeinOnline.Google Scholar
- Jaybie A. De Guzman, Kanchana Thilakarathna, and Aruna Seneviratne. 2019. Security and Privacy Approaches in Mixed Reality: A Literature Survey. Comput. Surveys 52, 6 (Oct. 2019), 110:1--110:37. https://doi.org/10/ghbfgqGoogle Scholar
- Paula Delgado-Santos, Giuseppe Stragapede, Ruben Tolosana, Richard Guest, Farzin Deravi, and Ruben Vera-Rodriguez. 2022. A Survey of Privacy Vulnerabilities of Mobile Device Sensors. ACM Comput. Surv. 54, 11s, Article 224 (sep 2022), 30 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3510579Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tamara Denning, Zakariya Dehlawi, and Tadayoshi Kohno. 2014. In situ with bystanders of augmented reality glasses: perspectives on recording and privacy-mediating technologies. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Toronto Ontario Canada, 2377--2386. https://doi.org/10/gh2sn5Google ScholarDigital Library
- Tamara Denning, Zakariya Dehlawi, and Tadayoshi Kohno. 2014. In situ with bystanders of augmented reality glasses: perspectives on recording and privacy-mediating technologies. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2377--2386. https://doi.org/10/gh2sn5Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ellysse Dick. 2020. How to Address Privacy Questions Raised by the Expansion of Augmented Reality in Public Spaces. Technical Report. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. https://itif.org/publications/2020/12/14/how-address-privacy-questions-raised-expansion-augmented-reality-publicGoogle Scholar
- Ellysse Dick. 2021. Balancing User Privacy and Innovation in Augmented and Virtual Reality. Technical Report. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. https://itif.org/publications/2021/03/04/balancing-user-privacy-and-innovation-augmented-and-virtual-realityGoogle Scholar
- Mariella Dimiccoli, Juan Marín, and Edison Thomaz. 2018. Mitigating Bystander Privacy Concerns in Egocentric Activity Recognition with Deep Learning and Intentional Image Degradation. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 1, 4 (Jan. 2018), 132:1--132:18. https://doi.org/10/gmmfbgGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Pierre Dragicevic. 2015. HCI Statistics without p-values. (06 2015), 36.Google Scholar
- Brian L. Due. 2015. The social construction of a Glasshole: Google Glass and multiactivity in social interaction. PsychNology Journal 13, 2 (2015).Google Scholar
- Chloe Eghtebas, Francisco Kiss, Marion Koelle, and Paweł Woźniak. 2021. Advantage and Misuse of Vision Augmentation -- Exploring User Perceptions and Attitudes using a Zoom Prototype. In Augmented Humans Conference 2021 (AHs'21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 77--85. https://doi.org/10/gmk86wGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Lisa A Elkin, Matthew Kay, James J Higgins, and Jacob O Wobbrock. 2021. An aligned rank transform procedure for multifactor contrast tests. In The 34th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. 754--768.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pardis Emami-Naeini, Henry Dixon, Yuvraj Agarwal, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2019. Exploring How Privacy and Security Factor into IoT Device Purchase Behavior. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--12. https://doi.org/10/gf5d6vGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Liv Erickson. 2020. Exploring Digital Rights: Data Sovereignty in XR. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3tMiSzRHA0Google Scholar
- Cori Faklaris, Francesco Cafaro, Asa Blevins, Matthew A. O'Haver, and Neha Singhal. 2020. A Snapshot of Bystander Attitudes about Mobile Live-Streaming Video in Public Settings. Informatics 7, 2 (June 2020), 10. https://doi.org/10/gmmfdh Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.Google Scholar
- Md Sadek Ferdous, Soumyadeb Chowdhury, and Joemon M.Jose. 2017. Analysing privacy in visual lifelogging. Pervasive and Mobile Computing 40 (Sept. 2017), 430--449. https://doi.org/10/gbx5p3Google Scholar
- Mary Anne Franks. 2017. The Desert of the Unreal: Inequality in Virtual and Augmented Reality. U.C.D. L. Rev. 51 (Jan. 2017), 499. https://repository.law.miami.edu/fac_articles/539Google Scholar
- Sofien Gannouni, Arwa Aledaily, Kais Belwafi, and Hatim Aboalsamh. 2021. Emotion detection using electroencephalography signals and a zero-time windowing-based epoch estimation and relevant electrode identification. Scientific Reports 11, 1 (March 2021), 7071. https://doi.org/10/gk6hbg Bandiera_abtest: a Cc_license_type: cc_by Cg_type: Nature Research Journals Number: 1 Primary_atype: Research Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Subject_term: Computational biology and bioinformatics;Neuroscience Subject_term_id: computational-biology-and-bioinformatics;neuroscience.Google Scholar
- Nina Gerber, Paul Gerber, and Melanie Volkamer. 2018. Explaining the privacy paradox: A systematic review of literature investigating privacy attitude and behavior. Computers & security 77 (2018), 226--261.Google Scholar
- Uwe Gruenefeld, Abdallah El Ali, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2017. Visualizing out-of-view objects in head-mounted augmented reality. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. Number 81. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3098279.3122124Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jan Gugenheimer, Evgeny Stemasov, Harpreet Sareen, and Enrico Rukzio. 2018. FaceDisplay: Towards Asymmetric Multi-User Interaction for Nomadic Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173628Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jassim Happa, Mashhuda Glencross, and Anthony Steed. 2019. Cyber Security Threats and Challenges in Collaborative Mixed-Reality. Frontiers in ICT 6 (2019). https://doi.org/10/gh2pgv Publisher: Frontiers.Google Scholar
- Jassim Happa, Anthony Steed, and Mashhuda Glencross. 2021. Privacy-certification standards for extended-reality devices and services. In 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). IEEE, Lisbon, Portugal, 397--398. https://doi.org/10/gmfc7pGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- David Harborth and Sebastian Pape. 2021. Investigating privacy concerns related to mobile augmented reality Apps -- A vignette based online experiment. Computers in Human Behavior 122 (Sept. 2021), 106833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106833Google ScholarCross Ref
- Tim Hardwick. 2021. Facebook Weighing Up Legality of Facial Recognition in Upcoming Smart Glasses. https://www.macrumors.com/2021/02/27/facebook-facial-recognition-smart-glasses-legal/Google Scholar
- Rakibul Hasan, David Crandall, Mario Fritz, and Apu Kapadia. 2020. Automatically Detecting Bystanders in Photos to Reduce Privacy Risks. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security andPrivacy (SP). 318--335. https://doi.org/10/gmbpxc ISSN: 2375-1207.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mariam Hassib, Hatem Abdelmoteleb, and Mohamed Khamis. 2020. Are my Apps Peeking? Comparing Nudging Mechanisms to Raise Awareness of Access to Mobile Front-facing Camera. In 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, Essen Germany, 186--190. https://doi.org/10/gmmgchGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Brittan Heller. 2020. Reimagining Reality: Human Rights and Immersive Technology. Carr Center Discussion Paper Series 2020--008 (2020).Google Scholar
- Brittan Heller. 2020. Watching Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Immersive Technology, Biometric Psychography, and the Law. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law 23, 1 (Dec. 2020), 1. https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol23/iss1/1Google Scholar
- Matt Honan. 2013. I, Glasshole: My Year With Google Glass. Wired (Dec. 2013). https://www.wired.com/2013/12/glasshole/Google Scholar
- Sabrina Hoppe, Tobias Loetscher, Stephanie A. Morey, and Andreas Bulling. 2018. Eye Movements During Everyday Behavior Predict Personality Traits. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12 (2018), 105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00105Google ScholarCross Ref
- Roberto Hoyle, Robert Templeman, Steven Armes, Denise Anthony, David Crandall, and Apu Kapadia. 2014. Privacy behaviors of lifeloggers using wearable cameras. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 571--582. https://doi.org/10/cqdzGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Olivier Hugues, Philippe Fuchs, and Olivier Nannipieri. 2011. New augmented reality taxonomy: Technologies and features of augmented environment. In Handbook of augmented reality. Springer, 47--63.Google Scholar
- Soheil Human and Florian Cech. 2021. A Human-Centric Perspective on Digital Consenting: The Case of GAFAM. In Human Centred Intelligent Systems (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies), Alfred Zimmermann, Robert J. Howlett, and Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.). Springer, Singapore, 139--159. https://doi.org/10/gh6fc4Google Scholar
- Marcello Ienca. 2021. Do We Have a Right to Mental Privacy and Cognitive Liberty? https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/do-we-have-a-right-to-mental-privacy-and-cognitive-liberty/Google Scholar
- Ross Johnstone, Neil McDonnell, and Julie R. Williamson. 2022. When Virtuality Surpasses Reality: Possible Futures of Ubiquitous XR. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI EA '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491101.3516396Google ScholarDigital Library
- Matthew Kay, Lisa A. Elkin, James J. Higgins, and Jacob O. Wobbrock. 2021. ARTool: Aligned Rank Transform. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ARToolGoogle Scholar
- Matthew Kay, Lisa A. Elkin, and Jacob O. Wobbrock. 2021. Contrast tests with ART. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ARTool/vignettes/art-contrasts.htmlGoogle Scholar
- Danielle Keats Citron. 2018. Sexual privacy. Yale LJ 128 (2018), 1870. Publisher: HeinOnline.Google Scholar
- Mohamed Khamis and Florian Alt. 2021. Privacy and Security in Augmentation Technologies. In Technology-Augmented Perception and Cognition, Tilman Dingler and Evangelos Niforatos (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 257--279. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30457-7_8Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marion Koelle, Swamy Ananthanarayan, Simon Czupalla, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2018. Your smart glasses' camera bothers me! exploring opt-in and opt-out gestures for privacy mediation. In Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 473--481. https://doi.org/10/gjbvrpGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Marion Koelle, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2017. Are you hiding it? usage habits of lifelogging camera wearers. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--8. https://doi.org/10/gmk87jGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Marion Koelle, Edgar Rose, and Susanne Boll. 2019. Ubiquitous Intelligent Cameras---Between Legal Nightmare and Social Empowerment. IEEE MultiMedia 26, 2 (April 2019), 76--86. https://doi.org/10/gmk7rh Conference Name: IEEE MultiMedia.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Marion Koelle, Torben Wallbaum, Wilko Heuten, and Susanne Boll. 2019. Evaluating a Wearable Camera's Social Acceptability In-the-Wild. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--6. https://doi.org/10/gmk82vGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Marion Koelle, Katrin Wolf, and Susanne Boll. 2018. Beyond LED Status Lights - Design Requirements of Privacy Notices for Body-worn Cameras. In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 177--187. https://doi.org/10/gmk7czGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Jacob Leon Kröger, Leon Gellrich, Sebastian Pape, Saba Rebecca Brause, and Stefan Ullrich. 2022. Personal information inference from voice recordings: User awareness and privacy concerns. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, 1 (2022), 6--27.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Katharina Krombholz, Adrian Dabrowski, Matthew Smith, and Edgar Weippl. 2017. Exploring Design Directions for Wearable Privacy. https://publications.cispa.saarland/2808/Google Scholar
- Jacob Leon Kröger, Otto Hans-Martin Lutz, and Florian Müller. 2020. What Does Your Gaze Reveal About You? On the Privacy Implications of Eye Tracking. In Privacy and Identity Management. Data for Better Living: AI and Privacy: 14th IFIP WG 9.2, 9.6/11.7, 11.6/SIG 9.2.2 International Summer School, Windisch, Switzerland, August 19--23, 2019, Revised Selected Papers, Michael Friedewald, Melek Önen, Eva Lievens, Stephan Krenn, and Samuel Fricker (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 226--241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--030--42504--3_15Google ScholarCross Ref
- Mikko Kytö, Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas, and David McGookin. 2021. From Strangers to Friends: Augmenting Face-to-face Interactions with Faceted Digital Self-Presentations. In Augmented Humans Conference 2021 (AHs'21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 192--203. https://doi.org/10/gmk7c9Google ScholarDigital Library
- Josephine Lau, Benjamin Zimmerman, and Florian Schaub. 2018. Alexa, are you listening? Privacy perceptions, concerns and privacy-seeking behaviors with smart speakers. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (2018), 1--31.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kiron Lebeck, Kimberly Ruth, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Franziska Roesner. 2018. Towards Security and Privacy for Multi-user Augmented Reality: Foundations with End Users. In 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). 392--408. https://doi.org/10/gmbp4q ISSN: 2375--1207.Google Scholar
- Kyungjun Lee, Daisuke Sato, Saki Asakawa, Hernisa Kacorri, and Chieko Asakawa. 2020. Pedestrian Detection with Wearable Cameras for the Blind: A Two-way Perspective. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376398Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark A. Lemley and Eugene Volokh. 2017. Law, virtual reality, and augmented reality. U. Pa. L. Rev. 166 (2017), 1051. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol166/iss5/1/ Publisher: HeinOnline.Google Scholar
- Jackson Lingane. 2021. FPF Report: Mitigate the Privacy Risks of AR & VR Tech. https://fpf.org/blog/fpf-report-outlines-opportunities-to-mitigate-the-privacy-risks-of-ar-vr-technologies/Google Scholar
- Ryan Mac. 2021. Facebook Apologizes After A.I. Puts 'Primates' Label on Video of Black Men. The New York Times (Sept. 2021). https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/03/technology/facebook-ai-race-primates.htmlGoogle Scholar
- makobouzu. 2021. voice-canceling sound + semantic segmentation. https://twitter.com/amako0609/status/1381454621990735873Google Scholar
- Vincent Manancourt and Mark Scott. 2020. Facebook earmarks €302M for privacy fines. https://www.politico.eu/article/facebook-earmarks-e302m-for-privacy-fines/Google Scholar
- Steve Mann. 2013. Veilance and reciprocal transparency: Surveillance versus sousveillance, AR glass, lifeglogging, and wearable computing. In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS): Social Implications of Wearable Computing and Augmediated Reality in Everyday Life. 1--12. https://doi.org/10/gmk7hr ISSN: 2158--3412.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Karola Marky, Nina Gerber, Michelle Gabriela Pelzer, Mohamed Khamis, and Max Mühlhäuser. 2022. "You offer privacy like you offer tea": Investigating Mechanisms for Improving Guest Privacy in IoT-Equipped Households. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 4 (2022), 400--420. https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022--0115Google ScholarCross Ref
- Karola Marky, Sarah Prange, Florian Krell, Max Mühlhäuser, and Florian Alt. 2020. "You just can't know about everything": Privacy Perceptions of Smart Home Visitors. In 19th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia. ACM, Essen Germany, 83--95. https://doi.org/10/gmk7dfGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Karola Marky, Alexandra Voit, Alina Stöver, Kai Kunze, Svenja Schröder, and Max Mühlhäuser. 2020. "I don't know how to protect myself": Understanding Privacy Perceptions Resulting from the Presence of Bystanders in Smart Environments. In Proceedings of the 11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Shaping Experiences, Shaping Society (NordiCHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--11. https://doi.org/10/gmk7dgGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Arunesh Mathur, Jonathan Mayer, and Mihir Kshirsagar. 2021. What Makes a Dark Pattern... Dark? Design Attributes, Normative Considerations, and Measurement Methods. arXiv:2101.04843 [cs] (Jan. 2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445610 arXiv: 2101.04843.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Daniel McDuff and Christophe Hurter. 2018. InPhysible: Camouflage Against Video-Based Physiological Measurement. In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). 5784--5789. https://doi.org/10/gmmfcw ISSN: 1558--4615.Google Scholar
- Mark McGill. 2021. The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) Report--Extended Reality (XR) and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy. Extended Reality (XR) and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy - White Paper (Nov. 2021), 1--24. Conference Name: Extended Reality (XR) and the Erosion of Anonymity and Privacy - White Paper.Google Scholar
- Mark McGill, Stephen Brewster, David McGookin, and Graham Wilson. 2020. Acoustic Transparency and the Changing Soundscape of Auditory Mixed Reality. (April 2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376702Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mark McGill, Jan Gugenheimer, and Euan Freeman. 2020. A Quest for Co-Located Mixed Reality: Aligning and Assessing SLAM Tracking for Same-Space Multi-User Experiences. 26th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Nov. 2020), 1--10. https://doi.org/10/ghwfq2Google ScholarDigital Library
- Maryam Mehrnezhad, Ehsan Toreini, Siamak F Shahandashti, and Feng Hao. 2018. Stealing PINs via mobile sensors: actual risk versus user perception. International Journal of Information Security 17, 3 (2018), 291--313.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Franziska Meirose, Sven Schultze, Sebastian Kuehlewind, Marion Koelle, Larbi Abdenebaoui, and Susanne Boll. 2018. Towards Respectful Smart Glasses through Conversation Detection. (2018). https://doi.org/10/gmk87r Accepted: 2018--07--09T08:40:22Z Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V..Google Scholar
- Monica Athnasious. 2021. Creepshots: what are they and why are they still happening? Victims share their experiences. https://screenshot-media.com/politics/human-rights/what-is-a-creepshot/Google Scholar
- Alec G. Moore, Ryan P. McMahan, Hailiang Dong, and Nicholas Ruozzi. 2021. Personal Identifiability of User Tracking Data During VR Training. In 2021 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). 556--557. https://doi.org/10/gk6gwxGoogle Scholar
- Emilio Mordini and Holly Ashton. 2012. The Transparent Body: Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity. In Second Generation Biometrics: The Ethical, Legal and Social Context, Emilio Mordini and Dimitros Tzovaras (Eds.). Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 257--283. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3892-8_12Google ScholarCross Ref
- N. A. Moreham. 2014. BEYOND INFORMATION: PHYSICAL PRIVACY IN ENGLISH LAW. The Cambridge Law Journal 73, 2 (July 2014), 350--377. https://doi.org/10/gpgcqw Publisher: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Anne Nassauer and Nicolas M. Legewie. 2021. Video Data Analysis: A Methodological Frame for a Novel Research Trend. Sociological Methods & Research 50, 1 (Feb. 2021), 135--174. https://doi.org/10/gfwsfz Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.Google ScholarCross Ref
- BBC News. 2015. Google apologises for Photos app's racist blunder. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-33347866. Accessed: 2021-09-08.Google Scholar
- BBC News. 2021. Facebook apology as AI labels black men primates. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58462511. Accessed: 2021-09-08.Google Scholar
- Helen Nissenbaum. 2009. Privacy in context. In Privacy in Context. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Joseph O'Hagan, Mohamed Khamis, Mark McGill, and Julie R. Williamson. 2022. Exploring Attitudes Towards Increasing User Awareness of Reality From Within Virtual Reality. In ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences (Aveiro, JB, Portugal) (IMX '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 151--160. https://doi.org/10.1145/3505284.3529971Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joseph O'Hagan, Mohamed Khamis, and Julie R. Williamson. 2021. Surveying Consumer Understanding & Sentiment Of VR. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Immersive Mixed and Virtual Environment Systems (MMVE '21) (Istanbul, Turkey) (MMVE '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 14--20. https://doi.org/10.1145/3458307.3460965Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joseph O'Hagan, Pejman Saeghe, Jan Gugenheimer, Daniel Medeiros, Karola Marky, Mohamed Khamis, and Mark McGill. 2022. Dataset and full survey for "Privacy-Enhancing Technology and Everyday Augmented Reality: Understanding Bystanders' Varying Needs for Awareness and Consent". https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7244156Google ScholarCross Ref
- Joseph O'Hagan and Julie R. Williamson. 2020. Reality Aware VR Headsets. In Proceedings of the 9TH ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (Manchester, United Kingdom) (PerDis '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 9--17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3393712.3395334Google ScholarDigital Library
- Joseph O'Hagan, Julie R. Williamson, and Mohamed Khamis. 2020. Bystander Interruption of VR Users. In Proceedings of the 9TH ACM International Symposium on Pervasive Displays (Manchester, United Kingdom) (PerDis '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 19--27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3393712.3395339Google ScholarDigital Library
- Richard Owen, Phil Macnaghten, and Jack Stilgoe. 2012. Responsible research and innovation: From science in society to science for society, with society. Science and Public Policy 39, 6 (12 2012), 751--760. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs093arXiv:https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-pdf/39/6/751/4588094/scs093.pdfGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Joseph O'Hagan, Julie R Williamson, Mohamed Khamis, and Mark McGill. 2022. Exploring Manipulating In-VR Audio To Facilitate Verbal Interactions Between VR Users And Bystanders. In International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI 2022).Google Scholar
- Joseph O'Hagan, Julie R. Williamson, Mark McGill, and Mohamed Khamis. 2021. Safety, Power Imbalances, Ethics and Proxy Sex: Surveying In-The-Wild Interactions Between VR Users and Bystanders. In 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). 211--220. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR52148.2021.00036Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alfredo Perez, Sherali Zeadally, Luis Matos Garcia, Jaouad Mouloud, and Scott Griffith. 2018. FacePET: Enhancing Bystanders' Facial Privacy with Smart Wearables/Internet of Things. Electronics 7, 12 (Dec. 2018), 379. https://doi.org/10/gmk837Google ScholarCross Ref
- Alfredo J. Perez and Sherali Zeadally. 2018. Privacy Issues and Solutions for Consumer Wearables. IT Professional 20, 4 (July 2018), 46--56. https://doi.org/10/f79t Conference Name: IT Professional.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alfredo J. Perez, Sherali Zeadally, Scott Griffith, Luis Y. Matos Garcia, and Jaouad A. Mouloud. 2020. A User Study of a Wearable System to Enhance Bystanders' Facial Privacy. IoT 1, 2 (Dec. 2020), 198--217. https://doi.org/10/gmk83t Number: 2 Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.Google Scholar
- Mark Pesce. 2020. Augmented Reality and the Surveillance Society. https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/augmented-reality-and-the-surveillance-societyGoogle Scholar
- Sarah Prange, Ahmed Shams, Robin Piening, Yomna Abdelrahman, and Florian Alt. 2021. PriView-- Exploring Visualisations to Support Users' Privacy Awareness. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 69, 18 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445067Google ScholarDigital Library
- Andrew Raij, Animikh Ghosh, Santosh Kumar, and Mani Srivastava. 2011. Privacy Risks Emerging from the Adoption of Innocuous Wearable Sensors in the Mobile Environment. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI '11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 11--20. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978945Google ScholarDigital Library
- Philipp A. Rauschnabel, Jun He, and Young K. Ro. 2018. Antecedents to the adoption of augmented reality smart glasses: A closer look at privacy risks. Journal of Business Research 92 (2018), 374--384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.08.008Google ScholarCross Ref
- D.A. Reid, S. Samangooei, C. Chen, M.S. Nixon, and A. Ross. 2013. Soft Biometrics for Surveillance: An Overview. In Handbook of Statistics. Vol. 31. Elsevier, 327--352. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53859-8.00013-8Google ScholarCross Ref
- Neil Richards and Woodrow Hartzog. 2016. Privacy's Trust Gap: A Review Book Review. Yale Law Journal 126, 4 (2016), 1180--1224. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/ylr126&i=1230Google Scholar
- Neil Richards and Woodrow Hartzog. 2017. Privacy's Trust Gap: A Review. THE YALE LAW JOURNAL (2017), 45.Google Scholar
- Jan Ole Rixen, Teresa Hirzle, Mark Colley, Yannick Etzel, Enrico Rukzio, and Jan Gugenheimer. 2021. Exploring Augmented Visual Alterations in Interpersonal Communication. (2021).Google Scholar
- Katitza Rodriguez and Kurt Opsahl. 2020. Augmented Reality Must Have Augmented Privacy. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/10/augmented-reality-must-have-augmented-privacyGoogle Scholar
- Franziska Roesner, Tamara Denning, Bryce Clayton Newell, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Ryan Calo. 2014. Augmented reality: hard problems of law and policy. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication (UbiComp '14 Adjunct). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1283--1288. https://doi.org/10/gmmd9xGoogle Scholar
- Franziska Roesner and Tadayoshi Kohno. 2021. Security and Privacy for Augmented Reality: Our 10-Year Retrospective. (Aug. 2021), 5.Google Scholar
- Franziska Roesner, Tadayoshi Kohno, and David Molnar. 2014. Security and privacy for augmented reality systems. Commun. ACM 57, 4 (2014), 88--96. https://doi.org/10/gh2pf6 Publisher: ACM New York, NY, USA.Google ScholarDigital Library
- Franziska Roesner, David Molnar, Alexander Moshchuk, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Helen J. Wang. 2014. World-Driven Access Control for Continuous Sensing. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. ACM, Scottsdale Arizona USA, 1169--1181. https://doi.org/10/ggp6n4Google Scholar
- Adam Rogers. 2018. So Long, Glassholes: Wearables Aren't Science Projects Anymore. Wired (May 2018). https://www.wired.com/story/google-glass-predicted-the-future/Google Scholar
- Angela Sasse. 2015. Scaring and Bullying People into Security Won't Work. IEEE Security Privacy 13, 3 (2015), 80--83. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2015.65Google ScholarDigital Library
- Roman Schlegel, Apu Kapadia, and Adam J. Lee. 2011. Eyeing your exposure: quantifying and controlling information sharing for improved privacy. In Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS '11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10/fzcp8rGoogle Scholar
- Stefan Schneegass, Romina Poguntke, and Tonja Machulla. 2019. Understanding the Impact of Information Representation on Willingness to Share Information. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in ComputingSystems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300753Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hanna Schraffenberger and Edwin Van der Heide. 2014. Everything augmented: On the real in augmented reality. Journal of Science and Technology of the Arts 6, 1 (2014), 17--29. https://doi.org/10/gh2qvbGoogle ScholarCross Ref
- Hanna Kathrin Schraffenberger. 2018. Arguably augmented reality: relationships between the virtual and the real. Ph. D. Dissertation. ISBN: 9789492679673 OCLC: 1082194193.Google Scholar
- Gwen Shaffer. 2021. Applying a Contextual Integrity Framework to Privacy Policies for Smart Technologies. Journal of Information Policy 11 (2021), 222--265. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jinfopoli.11.2021.0222Google ScholarCross Ref
- Dangdang Shao, Chenbin Liu, and Francis Tsow. 2021. Noncontact Physiological Measurement Using a Camera: A Technical Review and Future Directions. ACS Sensors 6, 2 (Feb. 2021), 321--334. https://doi.org/10/gmk7ht Publisher: American Chemical Society.Google Scholar
- Jiayu Shu, Rui Zheng, and Pan Hui. 2017. Your Privacy Is in Your Hand: Interactive Visual Privacy Control with Tags and Gestures. In Communication Systems and Networks (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Nishanth Sastry and Sandip Chakraborty (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 24--43. https://doi.org/10/gmmfbkGoogle Scholar
- Jiayu Shu, Rui Zheng, and Pan Hui. 2018. Cardea: context-aware visual privacy protection for photo taking and sharing. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 304--315. https://doi.org/10.1145/3204949.3204973Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dan Simmons. 2021. 13 Countries with GDPR-like Data Privacy Laws. https://insights.comforte.com/13-countries-with-gdpr-like-data-privacy-lawsGoogle Scholar
- Samarth Singhal, Carman Neustaedter, Thecla Schiphorst, Anthony Tang, Abhisekh Patra, and Rui Pan. 2016. You are Being Watched: Bystanders' Perspective on the Use of Camera Devices in Public Spaces. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3197--3203. https://doi.org/10/gmmfbjGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Mel Slater, Cristina Gonzalez-Liencres, Patrick Haggard, Charlotte Vinkers, Rebecca Gregory-Clarke, Steve Jelley, Zillah Watson, Graham Breen, Raz Schwarz, William Steptoe, Dalila Szostak, Shivashankar Halan, Deborah Fox, and Jeremy Silver. 2020. The Ethics of Realism in Virtual and Augmented Reality. Frontiers in Virtual Reality 1 (2020). https://doi.org/10/ggpvct Publisher: Frontiers.Google Scholar
- Snapchat. 2018. Lens Studio. https://lensstudio.snapchat.com/. Accessed: 2021--09--08.Google Scholar
- Softpedia News. 2015. In Japan, Phone Camera Shutter Sounds Can't Be Muted to Prevent Upskirt Photography. https://www.softpedia.com/blog/in-japan-phone-camera-shutter-sounds-can-t-be-muted-to-prevent-upskirt-photography-487446.shtmlGoogle Scholar
- Titus Stahl. 2016. Indiscriminate mass surveillance and the public sphere. Ethics and Information Technology 18, 1 (March 2016), 33--39. https://doi.org/10/ggsqqrGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Jay Stanley. 2019. The Dawn of Robot Surveillance: AI, Video Analytics, and Privacy. https://www.aclu.org/report/dawn-robot-surveillanceGoogle Scholar
- Julian Steil, Inken Hagestedt, Michael Xuelin Huang, and Andreas Bulling. 2019. Privacy-aware eye tracking using differential privacy. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications (ETRA '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--9. https://doi.org/10/gf6dj3Google ScholarDigital Library
- Julian Steil, Marion Koelle, Wilko Heuten, Susanne Boll, and Andreas Bulling. 2019. PrivacEye: privacy-preserving head-mounted eye tracking using egocentric scene image and eye movement features. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications. ACM, Denver Colorado, 1--10. https://doi.org/10/gf8gcdGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Megan Sullaway. 2022. Lone Wolves and Wolf Packs: Revenge Porn, Cyber Mobs, and Creepshots. Indoctrination to Hate: Recruitment Techniques of Hate Groups and how to Stop Them (2022), 217.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Omer Tene and Jules Polonetsky. 2013. A theory of creepy: technology, privacy and shifting social norms. Yale JL & Tech. 16 (2013), 59. Publisher: HeinOnline.Google Scholar
- Marc Teyssier, Marion Koelle, Paul Strohmeier, Bruno Fruchard, and Jürgen Steimle. 2021. Eyecam: Revealing Relations between Humans and Sensing Devices through an Anthropomorphic Webcam. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--13. https://doi.org/10/gksmb5Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alexandra Thompson and Leigh Ellen Potter. 2019. Overlays and Goggles and Projections, Oh My! Exploring Public Perceptions of Augmented Reality Technologies. In Proceedings of the 31st Australian Conference on Human-Computer-Interaction (OZCHI'19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 295--301. https://doi.org/10/gmk7c6Google ScholarDigital Library
- Alexandra Thompson and Leigh Ellen Potter. 2020. Defining AR: Public Perceptions of an Evolving Landscape. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1--8. https://doi.org/10/gmk7c7Google ScholarDigital Library
- Marc Tran. 2015. Combatting gender privilege and recognizing a woman's right to privacy in public spaces: Arguments to criminalize catcalling and creepshots. Hastings Women's LJ 26 (2015), 185.Google Scholar
- Yilun Wang and Michal Kosinski. 2018. Deep neural networks are more accurate than humans at detecting sexual orientation from facial images. Journal of personality and social psychology 114, 2 (2018), 246.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Susan Wiedenbeck, Jim Waters, Leonardo Sobrado, and Jean-Camille Birget. 2006. Design and evaluation of a shoulder-surfing resistant graphical password scheme. In Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces (AVI '06). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 177--184. https://doi.org/10/bcrv2pGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Julie R. Williamson, Joseph O'Hagan, John Alexis Guerra-Gomez, John H Williamson, Pablo Cesar, and David A. Shamma. 2022. Digital Proxemics: Designing Social and Collaborative Interaction in Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 423, 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517594Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jacob O. Wobbrock, Leah Findlater, Darren Gergle, and James J. Higgins. 2011. The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 143--146. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1978963Google ScholarDigital Library
- Katrin Wolf, Karola Marky, and Markus Funk. 2018. We should start thinking about Privacy Implications of Sonic Input in Everyday Augmented Reality! (2018). https://doi.org/10/gmk7sk Accepted: 2018-08-18T10:44:01Z Publisher: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V..Google Scholar
- Niels Wouters, Ryan Kelly, Eduardo Velloso, Katrin Wolf, Hasan Shahid Ferdous, Joshua Newn, Zaher Joukhadar, and Frank Vetere. 2019. Biometric Mirror: Exploring Ethical Opinions towards Facial Analysis and Automated Decision-Making. In Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS '19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 447--461. https://doi.org/10/gjbt7hGoogle ScholarDigital Library
- Jiahui Yu, Zhe Lin, Jimei Yang, Xiaohui Shen, Xin Lu, and Thomas S. Huang. 2018. Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attention. In 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 5505--5514. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00577Google ScholarCross Ref
- Rafael Yuste, Jared Genser, and Stephanie Herrmann. 2021. It's Time for Neuro-Rights. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development 18 (2021), 154--165. Publisher: Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development.Google Scholar
- Nan-ning Zheng, Zi-yi Liu, Peng-ju Ren, Yong-qiang Ma, Shi-tao Chen, Si-yu Yu, Jian-ru Xue, Ba-dong Chen, and Fei-yue Wang. 2017. Hybrid-augmented intelligence: collaboration and cognition. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 18, 2 (Feb. 2017), 153--179. https://doi.org/10/gg6r35Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Privacy-Enhancing Technology and Everyday Augmented Reality: Understanding Bystanders' Varying Needs for Awareness and Consent
Recommendations
Haptics in Augmented Reality
ICMCS '99: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems - Volume 2An augmented reality system merges synthetic sensory information into a user's perception of a three-dimensional environment. An important performance goal for an augmented reality system is that the user perceives a single seamless environment. In most ...
Augmented reality as perceptual reality
VSMM'06: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Interactive Technologies and Sociotechnical SystemsAs shown in Paul Milgram et al’s Reality-Virtuality Continuum (1994), Augmented Reality occupies a very unique status in the spectrum of Mixed Reality. Unlike Virtual Reality, which is completely made up of the virtual and has been the most important ...
Multimodal augmented reality: the norm rather than the exception
MVAR '16: Proceedings of the 2016 workshop on Multimodal Virtual and Augmented RealityAugmented reality (AR) is commonly seen as a technology that overlays virtual imagery onto a participant's view of the world. In line with this, most AR research is focused on what we see. In this paper, we challenge this focus on vision and make a case ...
Comments