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Erschienen in:
Watershed Sediment Dynamics and Modeling: A Watershed Modeling System for Yellow River Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Geophysical Methods for the Assessment of Earthen Dams

verfasst von : Craig J. Hickey, Ph.D., Mathias J. M. Römkens, Ph.D., Robert R. Wells, Ph.D., Leti Wodajo

Erschienen in: Advances in Water Resources Engineering

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Dams and levees are an integral part of the fluvial system in watersheds. The structural integrity of this infrastructure is of concern to the nation and to those directly impacted should failure occur. There are some 88,000 dams and 110,000 miles of levees in the USA. Many of those are earthen embankments and structures subject to failure by seepage and overtopping especially under extreme conditions of rainfall, runoff from contributing source areas, and snowmelt. They require routine inspection and the availability of technologies to assess their stability and safety conditions. This chapter discusses in a comprehensive manner the various geophysical and geotechnical techniques, and related technologies that are capable of rapidly assessing the integrity and stability of dams and levees. This chapter also discusses the underlying principles of these techniques. Finally, it presents case studies in which these techniques were used.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Hydraulic Modeling Development and Application in Water Resources Engineering
Nächstes Kapitel Soil Erosion on Upland Areas by Rainfall and Overland Flow
Glossar
Abutment
connecting element or structure used for support.
Algorithm
step-by-step procedure for calculations.
Anion
negatively charged ion that is attracted to the anode in electrolysis.
Bulk modulus
material resistance to uniform compression.
Catastrophic failure
sudden and total failure of some system from which recovery is impossible.
Cation
positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
Cementation
hardening and welding of sediments by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces. Affects porosity and permeability.
Conductivity
measure of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material.
Connectivity
degree to which movement is facilitated or impeded.
Counterions
ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality.
Dam
barrier that impounds water.
Dielectric constant
ratio of permittivity of a substance to the permittivity of free space.
Domain
set of input or argument values for which a function is defined.
Earthen structure
refers to a host of artificial structures constructed using earthen (soil, rock, etc.) materials.
Economic lifetime
period over which an asset is expected to be useable, with normal repairs and maintenance.
Electrode
electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit.
Embankment
an artificial bank raised above the immediately surrounding land to redirect or prevent flooding by a river, lake, or sea.
Erosion
process by which soil and rock are removed by the action of wind and water.
Flood control
all methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters.
Formation
process of orderly grouping.
Frequency
number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.
Geophone
device that converts ground movement into voltage.
Geophysics
study of earth materials using quantitative physical methods.
Geotechnical
study of the behavior of earth materials.
hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates
clay minerals.
Hydraulic
study of the mechanical properties of liquids.
Instability
the tendency to behave in an unpredictable, changeable, or erratic manner.
Interferometric
techniques in which waves are superimposed in order to extract information about the waves.
Ionic conductance
movement of an ion from one site to another.
Levee
elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed wall that regulates water levels.
Overtopping
to extend or rise over or beyond the top of a dam or levee.
Permeability
measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Permittivity
measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium.
Phreatic surface
commonly called the water table. Location where the pressure head is zero.
Piping
soils being washed out of an earthen structure through an unfiltered exit.
Porosity
measure of the empty pore spaces in a material. Defined as the ratio between the volume of voids (i.e., empty pore space) and the total volume.
Potential
energy stored in a system of forcefully interacting physical entities.
Reservoir
a natural or artificial lake, storage pond, or impoundment from a dam which is used to store water.
Resistance
opposition to the passage of electrical current.
Resistivity
an intrinsic property of a material, measured as its resistance to current per unit length for a uniform cross section.
Saturation
the ratio of the volume of a particular fluid to the total volume of the void space.
Sedimentation basin
earthen or concrete structure using sedimentation to remove settleable matter and turbidity.
Seepage
process of liquid leaking through a porous substance.
Seismic refraction
investigates the subsurface by generating arrival time and offset distance information to determine the path and velocity of the elastic disturbance in the ground.
Seismograph
instrument for measuring and recording the vibrations of earthquakes.
Shear modulus
ratio of stress to strain that describes deformation that takes place when a force is applied parallel to one face of an object while the opposite face is held fixed.
sodium exchange capacity
measure of the soil’s ability to hold and release sodium.
Sounding
a mechanism of probing the environment by sending out some kind of stimulus.
Spillway
structure used to provide controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area.
Survey
a method of collecting quantitative and qualitative information.
Tomography
imaging by sections or sectioning through the use of a penetrating wave.
Tortuosity
degree to which a path is curved.
Water recreation
diving, fishing, swimming, surfing, etc.
Water-retarding structure
designed to hold back water to prevent downstream flooding.
Water supply
provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations, community endeavors, or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes.
Wavenumber
spatial frequency of a wave.
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Metadaten
Titel
Geophysical Methods for the Assessment of Earthen Dams
verfasst von
Craig J. Hickey, Ph.D.
Mathias J. M. Römkens, Ph.D.
Robert R. Wells, Ph.D.
Leti Wodajo
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
Advances in Water Resources Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11022-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-11023-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11023-3_7