Gordon Wetzstein
Abstract
We develop tomographic techniques for image synthesis on displays composed of compact volumes of light-attenuating material. Such volumetric attenuators recreate a 4D light field or high-contrast 2D image when illuminated by a uniform backlight. Since arbitrary oblique views may be inconsistent with any single attenuator, iterative tomographic reconstruction minimizes the difference between the emitted and target light fields, subject to physical constraints on attenuation. As multi-layer generalizations of conventional parallax barriers, such displays are shown, both by theory and experiment, to exceed the performance of existing dual-layer architectures. For 3D display, spatial resolution, depth of field, and brightness are increased, compared to parallax barriers. For a plane at a fixed depth, our optimization also allows optimal construction of high dynamic range displays, confirming existing heuristics and providing the first extension to multiple, disjoint layers. We conclude by demonstrating the benefits and limitations of attenuation-based light field displays using an inexpensive fabrication method: separating multiple printed transparencies with acrylic sheets.
Supplemental Material
Available for Download
- Agocs, et al. 2006. A large scale interactive holographic display. In IEEE Virtual Reality, 311--312. Google Scholar
- Akeley, K., Watt, S. J., Girshick, A. R., and Banks, M. S. 2004. A stereo display prototype with multiple focal distances. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 804--813. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Barnum, P. C., Narasimhan, S. G., and Kanade, T. 2010. A multi-layered display with water drops. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 76:1--76:7. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bell, G. P., Craig, R., Paxton, R., Wong, G., and Galbraith, D. 2008. Beyond flat panels: Multi-layered displays with real depth. SID Digest 39, 1, 352--355.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Bell, G. P., Engel, G. D., Searle, M. J., and Evanicky, D., 2010. Method to control point spread function of an image. U.S. Patent 7,742,239.Google Scholar
- Blanche, P.-A., et al. 2010. Holographic 3-d telepresence using large-area photorefractive polymer. Nature 468, 80--83.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Blundell, B., and Schwartz, A. 1999. Volumetric Three-Dimensional Display Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press. Google Scholar
- Bracewell, R. N., and Riddle, A. C. 1967. Inversion of fan-beam scans in radio astronomy. Astrophysical Journal 150, 427--434.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Chai, J.-X., Tong, X., Chan, S.-C., and Shum, H.-Y. 2000. Plenoptic sampling. In ACM SIGGRAPH, 307--318. Google Scholar
- Chaudhury, K. N., Muñoz-Barrutia, A., and Unser, M. 2010. Fast space-variant elliptical filtering using box splines. IEEE Trans. Image 19, 9, 2290--2306. Google ScholarCross Ref
- Coleman, T., and Li, Y. 1996. A reflective newton method for minimizing a quadratic function subject to bounds on some of the variables. SIAM Journal on Optimization 6, 4, 1040--1058. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cossairt, O. S., Napoli, J., Hill, S. L., Dorval, R. K., and Favalora, G. E. 2007. Occlusion-capable multiview volumetric three-dimensional display. Applied Optics 46, 8, 1244--1250.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Disney, W. E., 1940. Art of animation. U.S. Patent 2,201,689.Google Scholar
- Dong, Y., Wang, J., Pellacini, F., Tong, X., and Guo, B. 2010. Fabricating spatially-varying subsurface scattering. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 62:1--62:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Drebin, R. A., Carpenter, L., and Hanrahan, P. 1988. Volume rendering. ACM SIGGRAPH 22, 65--74. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Favalora, G. E. 2005. Volumetric 3D displays and application infrastructure. IEEE Computer 38, 37--44. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Gotoda, H. 2010. A multilayer liquid crystal display for autostereoscopic 3D viewing. In SPIE-IS&T Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXI, vol. 7524, 1--8.Google Scholar
- Hašan, M., Fuchs, M., Matusik, W., Pfister, H., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2010. Physical reproduction of materials with specified subsurface scattering. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 61:1--61:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hecht, E. 2001. Optics. Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
- Herman, G. T. 1995. Image reconstruction from projections. Real-Time Imaging 1, 1, 3--18. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Ives, F. E., 1903. Parallax stereogram and process of making same. U.S. Patent 725,567.Google Scholar
- Jacobs, A., et al. 2003. 2D/3D switchable displays. Sharp Technical Journal, 4, 1--5.Google Scholar
- Jones, A., McDowall, I., Yamada, H., Bolas, M., and Debevec, P. 2007. Rendering for an interactive 360° light field display. ACM Trans. Graph. 26, 40:1--40:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kak, A. C., and Slaney, M. 2001. Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging. Society for Industrial Mathematics. Google Scholar
- Kanolt, C. W., 1918. Photographic method and apparatus. U.S. Patent 1,260,682.Google Scholar
- Klug, M., Holzbach, M., and Ferdman, A., 2001. Method and apparatus for recording one-step, full-color, full-parallax, holographic stereograms. U.S. Patent 6,330,088.Google Scholar
- Kooi, F. L., and Toet, A. 2003. Additive and subtractive transparent depth displays. In SPIE Enhanced and Synthetic Vision, vol. 5081, 58--65.Google Scholar
- Lanman, D., Hirsch, M., Kim, Y., and Raskar, R. 2010. Content-adaptive parallax barriers: optimizing dual-layer 3D displays using low-rank light field factorization. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 163:1--163:10. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Levoy, M., and Hanrahan, P. 1996. Light Field Rendering. In ACM SGGRAPH, 31--42. Google Scholar
- Lippmann, G. 1908. Épreuves réversibles donnant la sensation du relief. Journal of Physics 7, 4, 821--825.Google Scholar
- Lipton, L. 1982. Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema. Van Nostrand Reinhold.Google Scholar
- Loukianitsa, A., and Putilin, A. N. 2002. Stereodisplay with neural network image processing. In SPIE-IT&T Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems IX, vol. 4660, 207--211.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Maeda, H., Hirose, K., Yamashita, J., Hirota, K., and Hirose, M. 2003. All-around display for video avatar in real world. In IEEE/ACM ISMAR, 288--289. Google Scholar
- Matusik, W., Ajdin, B., Gu, J., Lawrence, J., Lensch, H. P. A., Pellacini, F., and Rusinkiewicz, S. 2009. Printing spatially-varying reflectance. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 128:1--128:9. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mitra, N. J., and Pauly, M. 2009. Shadow art. ACM Trans. Graph. 28, 156:1--156:7. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nayar, S., and Anand, V. 2007. 3D display using passive optical scatterers. IEEE Computer Magazine 40, 7, 54--63. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Perlin, K., and Han, J. Y., 2006. Volumetric display with dust as the participating medium. U.S. Patent 6,997,558.Google Scholar
- Putilin, A. N., and Loukianitsa, A., 2006. Visualization of three dimensional images and multi aspect imaging. U.S. Patent 6,985,290.Google Scholar
- Reinhard, E., Ward, G., Debevec, P., Pattanaik, S., Heidrich, W., and Myszkowski, K. 2010. High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-Based Lighting. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
- Sabella, P. 1988. A rendering algorithm for visualizing 3D scalar fields. ACM SIGGRAPH 22, 51--58. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sagi, O., 2009. PolyJet Matrix Technology: A new direction in 3D printing. http://www.objet.com, June.Google Scholar
- Seetzen, H., Heidrich, W., Stuerzlinger, W., Ward, G., Whitehead, L., Trentacoste, M., Ghosh, A., and Vorozcovs, A. 2004. High dynamic range display systems. ACM Trans. Graph. 23, 3, 760--768. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Slinger, C., Cameron, C., and Stanley, M. 2005. Computer-generated holography as a generic display technology. Computer 38, 8, 46--53. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Sullivan, A. 2003. A solid-state multi-planar volumetric display. In SID Digest, vol. 32, 207--211.Google Scholar
- Suyama, S., Ohtsuka, S., Takada, H., Uehira, K., and Sakai, S. 2004. Apparent 3-D image perceived from luminance-modulated two 2-D images displayed at different depths. Vision Research 44, 8, 785--793.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Yendo, T., Kawakami, N., and Tachi, S. 2005. Seelinder: the cylindrical lightfield display. In ACM SIGGRAPH Emerging Technologies. Google Scholar
- Z Corporation, 2010. ZPrinter 650. http://www.zcorp.com, January.Google Scholar
- Zwicker, M., Matusik, W., Durand, F., and Pfister, H. 2006. Antialiasing for automultiscopic 3D displays. In Eurographics Symposium on Rendering. Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Layered 3D: tomographic image synthesis for attenuation-based light field and high dynamic range displays
Recommendations
Additive light field displays: realization of augmented reality with holographic optical elements
We propose a see-through additive light field display as a novel type of compressive light field display. We utilize holographic optical elements (HOEs) as transparent additive layers. The HOE layers are almost free from diffraction unlike spatial light ...
Layered 3D: tomographic image synthesis for attenuation-based light field and high dynamic range displays
SIGGRAPH '11: ACM SIGGRAPH 2011 papersWe develop tomographic techniques for image synthesis on displays composed of compact volumes of light-attenuating material. Such volumetric attenuators recreate a 4D light field or high-contrast 2D image when illuminated by a uniform backlight. Since ...
Polarization fields: dynamic light field display using multi-layer LCDs
We introduce polarization field displays as an optically-efficient design for dynamic light field display using multi-layered LCDs. Such displays consist of a stacked set of liquid crystal panels with a single pair of crossed linear polarizers. Each ...
Comments