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2019 | Book

Necessity, Difficulties and Countermeasures of Remote Islands and Reefs Construction Read chapter Read first chapter

21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Construction of Remote Islands and Reefs

Authors: Dr. Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Dr. Hailang Wu, Min Wang

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Book Series : Springer Oceanography

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This book focuses on the construction of remote islands and reefs in the Maritime Silk Road. Firstly, it analyzes the functions, necessity and difficulties of the construction of remote islands and reefs; then provides corresponding countermeasures. According to the urgent demand of electricity and freshwater, it focus on wave and offshore wind energy evaluation of the important remote islands and reefs of the Maritime Silk Road, providing reference for the choice of location of power plants, daily operation and long term plan of wave/wind power generation. Several important key points are selected in the case study to realize their electricity and freshwater self-sufficiency and thus to improve their viability. This book also presents the marine characteristics (especially hazardous elements) under the demands of island runway construction and marine new energy development, to promote safe and efficient implementation of the remote islands and reefs construction.

This book is one of the series of publications on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (shortened as “Maritime Silk Road”). It covers the characteristics of the marine environment and marine new energy, remote islands and reefs construction, climate change, early warning of wave disasters, legal escort, marine environment and energy big data construction, etc. contributing to the safe and efficient construction of the Maritime Silk Road. It aims to improve our knowledge of the ocean, thus to improve the capacity for marine construction, enhance the viability of remote islands and reefs, ease the energy crisis and protect the ecological environment, improve the quality of life of residents along the Maritime Silk Road, and protect the rights, interests of the countries and regions participating in the construction of the Maritime Silk Road. It will be a valuable reference for decision-makers, researchers, and marine engineers working in the related fields.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Necessity, Difficulties and Countermeasures of Remote Islands and Reefs Construction
Abstract
The marine key points that based on the important remote islands and reefs are the pivotal support for human society to step into the deep sea. A serial of marine key points will make positive contribution to enhance the capabilities of oceangoing voyage, integrated supplies, ship maintenance, marine observation, anti-piracy escort, anti-terrorism cruises, humanitarian assistance, medical aid, etc., to improve the navigation capability, marine construction capability, sea power maintenance capability, etc. However, the remote islands and reefs are usually far from the mainland. During the construction, it confronted with lots of difficulties such as the rational selection and risk evaluation of the key point, urgent demand of electricity and fresh water, fragility of the ecological environment, terrible survival and medical condition, complicacy dispute on marine rights and interests, which makes the construction of marine key points to be a worldwide difficulty for a long time. This Chapter firstly presented the functions, necessity and difficulties of the construction of marine key points; then provides corresponding countermeasures.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 2. Wave and Wind Energy Boost the Marine Key Points Construction
Abstract
The marine key points are usually far away from the mainland. The dilemma of the electricity, insufficiency of the fresh water, fragility of the ecological environment, etc. cause the construction of marine key points become a worldwide challenge. Rational developing the marine new energy resources will help solve these problems. This Chapter presented the comparison among new energy resources, prospect of wave energy and wind energy, introduction of wave energy conversion system, contribution to enhance the viability ability of marine key points, to exhibit the advantages of the wave energy and wind energy resources, especially on the marine key points construction. We also pointed out that the full assessment of energy should be carried out before the resource development, to realize the efficient and safety development and utilization of the wave and wind energy.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 3. Wind Energy Resource Assessment in the Gwadar Port
Abstract
The Gwadar Port that located in southwestern Baluchistan province, Pakistan, grip the throat of the Persian Gulf, is a deepwater port. It is the key node of both the “21st century Maritime Silk Road” and the “Silk Road Economic Belt”. The construction of the Gwadar Port can benefit the countries and regions along the Maritime Silk Road, such as energy supply, cargo transport, and so on. The infrastructure construction of the Gwadar Port is important, especially the electricity supply. The development of clean and renewable energy will effectively improve the ability of sustainable development. Resource assessment should be carried out before the resource development. Previous scholars have made great contributions to the evaluation of wind energy resources. However, about the evaluation of wind energy resource in the Gwadar Port is still in blank. This chapter utilize the ERA-interim wind production from the ECMWF to evaluate the climate characteristics of the wind energy resources in the Gwadar Port. The analysis contents mainly includes the value size of the wind power density, effective wind speed occurrence (EWSO), richness of wind energy (energy level occurrence), wind energy rose diagram (co-occurrence of wind energy direction and wind power density value size), long term trends of wind energy resources, wind class occurrence, etc., to provide scientific reference for the development of wind energy, thus to contribution to promote the sustainable development of Gwadar Port. We hope the method and scheme formed in this book can be popularized in the construction of remote islands and reefs in global oceans, especially the Maritime Silk Road.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 4. Climatic Trend and Prediction of the Wind Energy in the Gwadar Port
Abstract
The development of wind energy resource could make a positive contribution to the construction of the Gwadar Port, thus to contribute to the construction of the Belt and Road. In the actual development of the wind energy, it is necessary to pay attention to the climatic trend and future prediction of wind energy so as to provide scientific basis for mid-long term planning. Until now, the research on the climatic trend of oceanic and meteorology parameters are abundant. However, the research on the climatic trend of the wind energy is scarce. In addition, the research on prediction of oceanic and meteorology parameters are abundant. However, the research on prediction of wind energy is scarce until now, which is not benefit for the mid-long term planning of wind energy development. In this chapter, we use the ERA-interim wind field data for the past 36 years (1979–2014), to calculate the climatic trend of wind energy parameters in the Gwadar Port, and utilize two methods to make long term prediction of wind energy parameters in the Gwadar Port, which can provide the scientific basis for the long term planning of wind energy development, and provide scientific support for the construction of the Belt and Road.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 5. Wind and Wave Energy in the Important Waters of the South China Sea
Abstract
As a marine corridor between the Pacific Ocean and the India Ocean, about more than 40,000 ships pass through the South China Sea. The importance of the South China Sea is evident. However, the shortage of electricity and fresh water severely restrict the marine construction of the South China Sea, which also increase the difficulty of construction of the Maritime Silk Road. Adjust measures to local conditions, rationally develop and utilize the offshore wind energy and wave energy resources can help the remote islands and reefs overcome the difficulties of electricity dilemmas and fresh water shortage. In this chapter, the 24 year Cross-Calibrated, Multi-Platform (CCMP) wind data and 24 year hindcast wave data are used to evaluate the wave and offshore wind energy of a key point of the South China Sea, to provide scientific reference for wave and offshore wind energy development.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 6. Feasibility of Wind Power and Wave Power Generation in the South China Sea
Abstract
This chapter presents the feasibility of wind power and wave power generation in the South China Sea, and a remote island was selected as a case study. Using the CCMP wind data, the wind energy characteristic of the selected remote island is analyzed. In addition, we also use the CCMP wind data to drive the WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) numerical wave model. Then the wave energy characteristic of the selected remote island is also analyzed based on the hindcast wave data. The research results can provide scientific guidance for wave power generation and offshore wind power generation. The scheme formed in the chapter can also be popularized in the Maritime Silk Road.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 7. Wind Climate and Wave Climate in the Remote Island of the South China Sea
Abstract
The Maritime Silk Road belongs to the tropical cyclone prone seas, and is in the monsoon transformation zone. The islands and reefs are numerous and the wind and wave characteristics are complex. An internsive study of the wind climate and wave climate of the Maritime Silk Road is a prerequisite for the efficient and safety development and utilization of the ocean and for disaster prevention and reduction. Due to the scarcity of data, temporal-spatial resolution, precision and other issue, there are very few studies on the remote islands and reefs. The chapter takes an important remote island as the object of researching. Using the CCMP wind data to drive the WW3 wave model, thus to obtain the wave filed in the China seas. Then the wind climate and wave climate of the important remote island were analyzed, based on the CCMP wind data and hindcast wave data, in hope of providing reference for the ocean navigation, development and utilization of marine resources, ocean engineering, disaster prevention and reduction, and so on.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 8. Wind-Sea, Swell and Mixed Wave Energy
Abstract
Previous researches have made great contribution to the wave energy assessment. Until now, the research on wave energy in China seas is mainly focused on the mixed wave. The separately research on wind-sea or swell is very scarce. In the actual ocean, swell can be surprisingly destructive in the actual ocean; it can lead to phenomena such as hogging and sagging that can cause serious damage to ships. After being generated by a storm, swell can propagate long distances until it breaks and dissipates upon reaching a coast. These characteristics make swell an indicator of various atmospheric phenomena like tropical cyclones, distant storms, or even large-scale sea breeze such as that related to the monsoon. As a vast and reliable source of energy, swell has been the focus of increasing attention for power generation because of its potential contribution to alleviating energy and environmental problems. An Australian company, Oceanlin, has achieved better results by using swell power. This chapter uses the ERA-40 wave reanalysis data from ECMWF, which separates the wind wave and the swell, to analyze the features of the wind wave and swell in Xisha and Nansha Island sea area, and explore the energy characteristics around the important island and the wave power generation prospects.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Chapter 9. Wind Climate Under the Demand of Island Runway Design
Abstract
The runway is one of the most important parts of the remote islands and reefs construction, which has long been a worldwide problem. In the construction of runway design, the factors need to be considered include: geographical features, climate features, marine environmental characteristics, etc. Building the runway according to the terrain can save materials, shorten the construction period and reduce the difficulty of building, which has certain rationality. But in practice, the runway is mainly used to support the aircraft to take-off and landing. Whether the runway is benefit for aircraft rising or landing should be the highest standard of runway construction. Strong cross winds and gusts can easily cause the aircraft to slip out of the runway. The phenomenon is particularly evident in the island runway. This requires a detailed statistical analysis of wind climate characteristics under the demand of island runway construction. Based on the ERA-interim wind data from the ECMWF, this chapter assumed a remote island as a study case, to statistical analysis the wind climate characteristics under the demand of runway design, in hope of providing scientific and technological support and decision-making assistance for the runway design of remote islands and reefs.
Chongwei Zheng, Chongyin Li, Hailang Wu, Min Wang
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Construction of Remote Islands and Reefs
Authors
Dr. Chongwei Zheng
Chongyin Li
Dr. Hailang Wu
Min Wang
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-10-8114-9
Print ISBN
978-981-10-8113-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8114-9