1 Introduction
Suppose that \(p>1\), \(\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1\), \(a_{m},b_{n}\geq 0\), \(a=\{a_{m}\}_{m=1}^{\infty}\in l^{p}\), \(b=\{b_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\in l^{q}\), \(\Vert a\Vert _{p}=(\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}a_{m}^{p})^{\frac{1}{p}}>0\), \(\Vert b\Vert _{q}>0\). We have the following well-known Hardy-Hilbert inequality: where the constant factor \(\frac{\pi}{\sin(\pi/p)}\) is the best possible (cf. [1]). Also we have the following Hilbert-type inequality: with the best possible constant factor pq (cf. [2]). Inequalities (1) and (2) are important in analysis and its applications (cf. [2‐4]).
$$ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\sum _{m=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_{m}b_{n}}{m+n}< \frac {\pi}{\sin(\frac{\pi}{p})}\Vert a \Vert _{p}\Vert b\Vert _{q}, $$
(1)
$$ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\sum _{m=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_{m}b_{n}}{\max\{m,n\}}< pq\Vert a\Vert _{p}\Vert b\Vert _{q}, $$
(2)
In 2011, Yang gave an extension of (2) as follows (cf. [5]): If \(0<\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2}\leq1\), \(\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}=\lambda\), \(a_{m},b_{n}\geq0\), \(0<\Vert a\Vert _{p,\varphi}=\{\sum_{m=1}^{\infty }m^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p}\}^{\frac{1}{p}}<\infty \), \(0<\Vert b\Vert _{q,\psi}=\{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}n^{q(1-\lambda_{2})-1} b_{n}^{q}\}^{\frac{1}{q}}<\infty\), then where the constant factor \(\frac{\lambda}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}}\) is the best possible.
$$ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\sum _{m=1}^{\infty}\frac{a_{m}b_{n}}{(\max \{m,n\})^{\lambda}}< \frac{\lambda}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}}\Vert a\Vert _{p,\varphi}\Vert b\Vert _{q,\psi}, $$
(3)
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For \(\lambda=1\), \(\lambda_{1}=\frac{1}{q}\), \(\lambda_{2}=\frac{1}{p}\), inequality (3) reduces to (2). Some other results relate to (1)-(3) are provided by [6‐23].
In this paper, by the use of weight coefficients and the technique of real analysis, an extension of (3) in the whole plane is given as follows: For \(0<\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2}\leq1\), \(\lambda_{1}+\lambda _{2}=\lambda\), \(a_{m},b_{n}\geq0\), \(0<\sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty }|m|^{p(1-\lambda _{1})-1}a_{m}^{p}<\infty\), \(0<\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}|n|^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q}<\infty\), we have Moreover, a generation of (4) with multi-parameters and a best possible constant factor is proved. The equivalent forms, the operator expressions and a few particular inequalities are also considered.
$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(\max \{|m|,|n|\})^{\lambda}}a_{m}b_{n} \\ &\quad< \frac{2\lambda}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty }|m|^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}|n|^{q(1-\lambda_{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac {1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
(4)
2 Some lemmas
In the following, we agree that \(\mathbf{N}=\{1,2,\ldots\}\), \(p>1\), \(\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1\), \(\alpha,\beta\in(0,\pi)\), \(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2}>-\eta\), \(\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}=\lambda\), and for \(|x|,|y|>0\),
$$ k(x,y):=\frac{(\min\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,|y|+y\cos\beta\})^{\eta }}{(\max \{|x|+x\cos\alpha,|y|+y\cos\beta\})^{\lambda+\eta}}. $$
(5)
Lemma 1
(cf. [24])
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Suppose that
\(g(t)\) (>0) is decreasing in
\(\mathbf{R}_{+}\)
and strictly decreasing in
\([n_{0},\infty)\) (\(n_{0}\in \mathbf{N}\)), satisfying
\(\int_{0}^{\infty}g(t)\,dt\in\mathbf{R}_{+}\). We have
$$ \int_{1}^{\infty}g(t)\,dt< \sum _{n=1}^{\infty}g(n)< \int_{0}^{\infty}g(t)\,dt. $$
(6)
Definition 1
Define the following weight coefficients:
where \(\sum_{|j|=1}^{\infty}\cdots=\sum_{j=-1}^{-\infty}\cdots +\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\cdots\) (\(j=m,n\)).
$$\begin{aligned}& \omega(\lambda_{2},m) : =\sum _{|n|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)\frac{(|m|+m\cos \alpha)^{\lambda_{1}}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}},\quad |m|\in \mathbf{N}, \end{aligned}$$
(7)
$$\begin{aligned}& \varpi(\lambda_{1},n) : =\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)\frac{(|n|+n\cos \beta)^{\lambda_{2}}}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{1-\lambda_{1}}},\quad |n|\in \mathbf{N}, \end{aligned}$$
(8)
Lemma 2
If
\(\lambda_{2}\leq1-\eta\), then for
\(k_{\beta }(\lambda_{1}):=\frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)\csc^{2}\beta}{(\lambda _{1}+\eta )(\lambda_{2}+\eta)}\), we have
where
$$ k_{\beta}(\lambda_{1}) \bigl(1-\theta( \lambda_{2},m)\bigr)< \omega(\lambda _{2},m)< k_{\beta}( \lambda_{1}),\quad |m|\in\mathbf{N}, $$
(9)
$$\begin{aligned} \theta(\lambda_{2},m) :=&\frac{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}{\lambda+2\eta} \int_{0}^{\frac{1+\cos\beta}{|m|+m\cos\alpha}}\frac{ (\min\{1,u\})^{\eta}u^{\lambda_{2}-1}}{(\max\{1,u\})^{\lambda+\eta}}\,du \\ =&O \biggl( \frac{1}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\eta+\lambda_{2}}} \biggr) \in (0,1),\quad |m|\in\mathbf{N}. \end{aligned}$$
(10)
Proof
For \(|x|>0\), we set from which we have
$$\begin{aligned}& k^{(1)}(x,y) := \frac{[\min\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,y(\cos\beta-1)\} ]^{\eta}}{[\max\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,y(\cos\beta-1)\}]^{\lambda+\eta}},\quad y< 0, \\& k^{(2)}(x,y) := \frac{[\min\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,y(1+\cos\beta)\} ]^{\eta}}{[\max\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,y(1+\cos\beta)\}]^{\lambda+\eta}},\quad y>0, \end{aligned}$$
$$k^{(1)}(x,-y)=\frac{[\min\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,y(1-\cos\beta)\}]^{\eta }}{[\max\{|x|+x\cos\alpha,y(1-\cos\beta)\}]^{\lambda+\eta}},\quad y>0. $$
We obtain
$$\begin{aligned} \omega(\lambda_{2},m) =&\sum _{n=-1}^{-\infty}k^{(1)}(m,n)\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda_{1}}}{[n(\cos\beta-1)]^{1-\lambda_{2}}} \\ &{}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}k^{(2)}(m,n) \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda _{1}}}{[n(1+\cos\beta)]^{1-\lambda_{2}}} \\ =&\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda_{1}}}{(1-\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda _{2}}}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{k^{(1)}(m,-n)}{n^{1-\lambda_{2}}} \\ &{}+\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda_{1}}}{(1+\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda _{2}}}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{k^{(2)}(m,n)}{n^{1-\lambda_{2}}}. \end{aligned}$$
(11)
For fixed \(|m|\in\mathbf{N}\), \(\lambda_{2}\leq1-\eta\), we find that is decreasing for \(y>0\) and strictly decreasing for \(y\geq\frac {|m|+m\cos \alpha}{1-\cos\beta}\). Under the same assumptions, it is evident that is decreasing for \(y>0\) and strictly decreasing for \(y\geq\frac {|m|+m\cos \alpha}{1+\cos\beta}\).
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{k^{(1)}(m,-y)}{y^{1-\lambda_{2}}} =&\frac{[\min\{|m|+m\cos \alpha ,y(1-\cos\beta)\}]^{\eta}}{y^{1-\lambda_{2}}[\max\{|m|+m\cos\alpha ,y(1-\cos\beta)\}]^{\lambda+\eta}} \\ =& \left\{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l@{}} \frac{(1-\cos\beta)^{\eta}}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda +\eta}}\frac{1}{y^{1-(\lambda_{2}+\eta)}},&0< y< \frac{|m|+m\cos\alpha}{1-\cos \beta} , \\ \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\eta}}{(1-\cos\beta)^{\lambda +\eta}}\frac{1}{y^{1+(\lambda_{1}+\eta)}},&y\geq\frac{|m|+m\cos\alpha }{1-\cos \beta}\end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \frac{k^{(2)}(m,y)}{y^{1-\lambda_{2}}} =&\frac{[\min\{|m|+m\cos \alpha ,y(1+\cos\beta)\}]^{\eta}}{y^{1-\lambda_{2}}[\max\{|m|+m\cos\alpha ,y(1+\cos\beta)\}]^{\lambda+\eta}} \\ =& \left\{ \textstyle\begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad}l@{}} \frac{(1+\cos\beta)^{\eta}}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda +\eta}}\frac{1}{y^{1-(\lambda_{2}+\eta)}},&0< y< \frac{|m|+m\cos\alpha}{1+\cos \beta} , \\ \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\eta}}{(1+\cos\beta)^{\lambda +\eta}}\frac{1}{y^{1+(\lambda_{1}+\eta)}},&y\geq\frac{|m|+m\cos\alpha }{1+\cos \beta}\end{array}\displaystyle \right . \end{aligned}$$
By (11) and (6), we have Setting \(u=\frac{y(1-\cos\beta)}{|m|+m\cos\alpha}(\frac{y(1+\cos \beta)}{|m|+m\cos\alpha})\) in the above first (second) integral, by simplifications, we find
$$\begin{aligned} \omega(\lambda_{2},m) < &\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda _{1}}}{(1-\cos \beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac {k^{(1)}(m,-y)}{y^{1-\lambda _{2}}}\,dy \\ &{}+\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda_{1}}}{(1+\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda _{2}}} \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{k^{(2)}(m,y)}{y^{1-\lambda_{2}}}\,dy. \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \omega(\lambda_{2},m) < & \biggl(\frac{1}{1-\cos\beta}+ \frac{1}{1+\cos \beta} \biggr) \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{(\min\{1,u\})^{\eta}u^{\lambda _{2}-1}}{(\max\{1,u\})^{\lambda+\eta}}\,du \\ =&2\csc^{2}\beta \biggl( \int_{0}^{1}u^{\eta+\lambda _{2}-1}\,du+ \int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{u^{\lambda_{2}-1}}{u^{\lambda+\eta }}\,du \biggr) \\ =&\frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)\csc^{2}\beta}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}=k_{\beta}(\lambda_{1}). \end{aligned}$$
Still by (11) and (6), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \omega(\lambda_{2},m) >&\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda _{1}}}{(1-\cos \beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}} \int_{1}^{\infty}\frac {k^{(1)}(m,-y)}{y^{1-\lambda _{2}}}\,dy \\ &{}+\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\lambda_{1}}}{(1+\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda _{2}}} \int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{k^{(2)}(m,y)}{y^{1-\lambda_{2}}}\,dy \\ \geq&\frac{1}{1-\cos\beta} \int_{\frac{1+\cos\beta}{|m|+m\cos \alpha}}^{\infty}\frac{(\min\{1,u\})^{\eta}u^{\lambda_{2}-1}}{(\max \{1,u\})^{\lambda+\eta}}\,du \\ &{}+\frac{1}{1+\cos\beta} \int_{\frac{1+\cos\beta}{|m|+m\cos\alpha}}^{\infty}\frac{(\min\{1,u\})^{\eta}u^{\lambda_{2}-1}}{(\max \{1,u\})^{\lambda+\eta}}\,du \\ =&k_{\beta}(\lambda_{1}) \bigl(1-\theta( \lambda_{2},m)\bigr)>0. \end{aligned}$$
We obtain for \(|m|+m\cos\alpha\geq1+\cos\beta\)
Then we have (9) and (10). □
$$\begin{aligned} 0 < &\theta(\lambda_{2},m)=\frac{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}{\lambda+2\eta} \int_{0}^{\frac{1+\cos\beta}{|m|+m\cos\alpha}}\frac{ (\min\{1,u\})^{\eta}u^{\lambda_{2}-1}}{(\max\{1,u\})^{\lambda+\eta}}\,du \\ =&\frac{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda_{2}+\eta)}{\lambda+2\eta} \int _{0}^{\frac{1+\cos\beta}{|m|+m\cos\alpha}}u^{\eta+\lambda_{2}-1}\,du \\ =&\frac{\lambda_{1}+\eta}{\lambda+2\eta} \biggl( \frac{1+\cos\beta }{|m|+m\cos\alpha} \biggr) ^{\eta+\lambda_{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
In the same way, we have the following.
Lemma 3
If
\(\lambda_{1}\leq1-\eta\), then for
\(k_{\alpha }(\lambda_{1})=\frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)\csc^{2}\alpha}{(\lambda _{1}+\eta )(\lambda_{2}+\eta)}\), we have
where
$$ k_{\alpha}(\lambda_{1}) \bigl(1-\vartheta( \lambda_{1},n)\bigr)< \varpi(\lambda _{1},n)< k_{\alpha}( \lambda_{1}),\quad |n|\in\mathbf{N}, $$
(12)
$$\begin{aligned} \vartheta(\lambda_{1},n) :=&\frac{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}{\lambda+2\eta} \int_{0}^{\frac{1+\cos\alpha}{|n|+n\cos\beta }}\frac{(\min\{1,u\})^{\eta}u^{\lambda_{1}-1}}{(\max\{1,u\})^{\lambda+\eta}}\,du \\ =&O \biggl( \frac{1}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{\eta+\lambda_{1}}} \biggr) \in (0,1),\quad |n|\in\mathbf{N}. \end{aligned}$$
(13)
Lemma 4
If
\(\theta\in(0,\pi)\), then for
\(\rho>0\), \(H_{\rho }(\theta):=\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(|n|+n\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}\), we have
$$ H_{\rho}(\theta)= \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1+\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+ \frac{1}{ (1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}} \biggr] \frac{1+\rho O(1)}{\rho} \quad\bigl(\rho \rightarrow0^{+}\bigr). $$
(14)
Proof
We have By (6), we find Hence we have (14). □
$$\begin{aligned} H_{\rho}(\theta) =&\sum_{n=-1}^{-\infty} \frac{1}{[n(\cos\theta -1)]^{1+\rho}}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{[n(\cos\theta +1)]^{1+\rho}} \\ =& \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+\frac{1}{(1+\cos\theta )^{1+\rho}} \biggr] \sum _{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^{1+\rho}}. \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} H_{\rho}(\theta) &= \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+ \frac {1}{(1+\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}} \biggr] \Biggl( 1+\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac {1}{n^{1+\rho}} \Biggr) \\ &< \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+\frac{1}{(1+\cos\theta )^{1+\rho}} \biggr] \biggl( 1+ \int_{1}^{\infty}\frac{dy}{y^{1+\rho }} \biggr) \\ &=\frac{1}{\rho} \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+\frac{1}{(1+\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}} \biggr] (1+ \rho), \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} H_{\rho}(\theta) &> \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+\frac {1}{(1+\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}} \biggr] \int_{1}^{\infty}\frac {dy}{y^{1+\rho}} \\ &= \frac{1}{\rho} \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1-\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}}+\frac{1}{(1+\cos\theta)^{1+\rho}} \biggr] . \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
3 Main results
Theorem 1
If
\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2}\leq1-\eta\), \(a_{m},b_{n}\geq0\) (\(|m|,|n|\in\mathbf{N}\)),
then we have the following equivalent inequalities:
$$\begin{aligned} &0 < \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda _{1})-1}a_{m}^{p}< \infty, \\ &0 < \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q}< \infty, \\ &k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1}):=k_{\beta}^{\frac{1}{p}}( \lambda _{1})k_{\alpha}^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1})= \frac{2(\lambda+2\eta )\csc^{\frac{2}{p}}\beta\csc^{\frac{2}{q}}\alpha}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta )(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}, \end{aligned}$$
(15)
$$\begin{aligned} &\begin{aligned}[b] I :={}&\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty} \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)a_{m}b_{n} \\ < {}&k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &{}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(16)
$$\begin{aligned} &\begin{aligned}[b] J :={}& \Biggl[ \sum _{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{p\lambda _{2}-1} \Biggl( \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)a_{m} \Biggr) ^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ < {}&k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}}. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(17)
In particular, for
\(\alpha=\beta=\frac{\pi}{2}\), we have the following equivalent inequalities:
$$\begin{aligned} &\begin{aligned}[b] &\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty} \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{(\min\{|m|,|n|\} )^{\eta}}{(\max\{|m|,|n|\})^{\lambda+\eta}}a_{m}b_{n} \\ &\quad< \frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda_{2}+\eta )} \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}|m|^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac {1}{p}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}|n|^{q(1-\lambda_{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(18)
$$\begin{aligned} &\begin{aligned}[b] & \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}|n|^{p\lambda_{2}-1} \Biggl( \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{(\min\{|m|,|n|\})^{\eta}}{(\max \{|m|,|n|\})^{\lambda+\eta}}a_{m} \Biggr) ^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\quad< \frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda_{2}+\eta )} \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}|m|^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac {1}{p}}. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
(19)
Proof
By Hölder’s inequality (cf. [25]) and (8), we have By (12), we have By (9), we have (17).
$$\begin{aligned} \Biggl( \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)a_{m} \Biggr) ^{p} =& \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n) \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha )^{(1-\lambda _{1})/q}a_{m}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{(1-\lambda_{2})/p}}\frac{(|n|+n\cos \beta)^{(1-\lambda_{2})/p}}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{(1-\lambda_{1})/q}} \Biggr] ^{p} \\ \leq& \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n) \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{(1-\lambda _{1})p/q}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}}a_{m}^{p} \\ &{} \times \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n) \frac{(|n|+n\cos\beta )^{(1-\lambda_{2})q/p}}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{1-\lambda_{1}}} \Biggr] ^{p-1} \\ =&\frac{(\varpi(\lambda_{1},n))^{p-1}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{p\lambda _{2}-1}}\sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n) \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{(1-\lambda _{1})p/q}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}}a_{m}^{p}. \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} J < &k_{\alpha}^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty }\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)\frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{(1-\lambda _{1})(p-1)}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ =&k_{\alpha}^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n) \frac{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{(1-\lambda _{1})(p-1)}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{1-\lambda_{2}}}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ =&k_{\alpha}^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\omega (\lambda_{2},m) \bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}}. \end{aligned}$$
(20)
By Hölder’s inequality (cf. [25]), we have Then by (17), we have (16).
$$\begin{aligned} I =&\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty} \Biggl[ \bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{\lambda_{2}-\frac {1}{p}}\sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)a_{m} \Biggr] \bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{\frac {1}{p}-\lambda_{2}}b_{n} \\ \leq&J \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
(21)
On the other hand, assuming that (16) is valid, we set Then it follows that By (20), we find \(J<\infty\). If \(J=0\), then (17) is evidently valid; if \(J>0\), then by (16), we have namely, (17) follows, which is equivalent to (16). □
$$b_{n}:=\bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{p\lambda_{2}-1} \Biggl( \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }k(m,n)a_{m} \Biggr) ^{p-1},\quad |n|\in\mathbf{N}. $$
$$J= \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}}. $$
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} 0 < {}&\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n \cos\beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q}=J^{p}=I \\ < {}&k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &{}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} J ={}& \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n \cos\beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ < {}&k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
Theorem 2
Proof
For any \(\varepsilon\in(0,q(\lambda_{2}+\eta))\), we set \(\widetilde{\lambda}_{1}=\lambda_{1}+\frac{\varepsilon}{q}\) (\(>-\eta\)), \(\widetilde{\lambda}_{2}=\lambda_{2}-\frac{\varepsilon}{q}\) (\(\in(-\eta ,1-\eta)\)), and Then by (14) and (9), we find
$$\begin{aligned}& \widetilde{a}_{m} : =\bigl(|m|+m\cos\alpha\bigr)^{(\lambda_{1}-\frac {\varepsilon}{p})-1}=\bigl(|m|+m\cos \alpha\bigr)^{\widetilde{\lambda}_{1}-\varepsilon -1}\quad\bigl(|m|\in \mathbf{N}\bigr), \\& \widetilde{b}_{n} : =\bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{(\lambda_{2}-\frac {\varepsilon}{q})-1}=\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{\widetilde{\lambda}_{2}-1}\quad\bigl(|n|\in\mathbf{N}\bigr). \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned} \widetilde{I}_{1} :={}& \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|m|+m\cos\alpha \bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1} \widetilde{a}_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &{}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n\cos \beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}\widetilde{b}_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}} \\ ={}& \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha )^{1+\varepsilon}} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \Biggl[ \sum _{|n|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(|n|+n\cos \beta)^{1+\varepsilon}} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}} \\ ={}&\frac{1}{\varepsilon} \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1+\cos\alpha )^{1+\varepsilon}}+\frac{1}{(1-\cos\alpha)^{1+\varepsilon}} \biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}}\bigl(1+\varepsilon O_{1}(1)\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &{}\times \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1+\cos\beta)^{1+\varepsilon}}+\frac {1}{(1-\cos \beta)^{1+\varepsilon}} \biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}} \bigl(1+\varepsilon O_{2}(1)\bigr)^{\frac{1}{q}}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned} \widetilde{I} :={}&\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty} \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)\widetilde{a}_{m}\widetilde{b}_{n} \\ ={}&\sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)\frac{(|m|+m\cos \alpha )^{\widetilde{\lambda}_{1}-\varepsilon-1}}{(|n|+n\cos\beta)^{1-\widetilde{\lambda}_{2}}} \\ ={}&\sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{\omega(\widetilde{\lambda}_{2},m)}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\varepsilon+1}}\geq k_{\beta}(\widetilde{\lambda }_{1})\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1-\theta(\widetilde{\lambda}_{2},m)}{ (|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\varepsilon+1}} \\ ={}&k_{\beta}(\widetilde{\lambda}_{1}) \Biggl[ \sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{(|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{\varepsilon+1}}-\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{O((|m|+m\cos\alpha)^{(\frac{\varepsilon}{p}+\lambda_{2}+\eta)+1})} \Biggr] \\ ={}&\frac{k_{\beta}(\widetilde{\lambda}_{1})}{\varepsilon}\biggl\{ \biggl[\frac{1}{ (1+\cos\alpha)^{1+\varepsilon}}+\frac{1}{(1-\cos\alpha )^{1+\varepsilon}} \biggr]\bigl(1+\varepsilon O_{1}(1)\bigr)-\varepsilon O(1)\biggr\} . \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
If there exists a constant \(k\leq k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})\), such that (16) is valid when replacing \(k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})\) by k, then in particular, we have \(\varepsilon\widetilde {I}<\varepsilon k\widetilde{I}_{1}\), namely, It follows that namely, Hence, \(k=k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})\) is the best possible constant factor of (16).
$$\begin{aligned}& k_{\beta}(\widetilde{\lambda}_{1})\biggl\{ \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1+\cos\alpha )^{1+\varepsilon}}+\frac{1}{(1-\cos\alpha)^{1+\varepsilon}}\biggr]\bigl(1+\varepsilon O_{1}(1)\bigr)-\varepsilon O(1)\biggr\} \\& \quad < k \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1+\cos\alpha)^{1+\varepsilon}}+\frac{1}{(1-\cos \alpha)^{1+\varepsilon}} \biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \bigl(1+\varepsilon O_{1}(1)\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p}} \\& \qquad{} \times \biggl[ \frac{1}{(1+\cos\beta)^{1+\varepsilon}}+\frac {1}{(1-\cos \beta)^{1+\varepsilon}} \biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}\bigl(1+\varepsilon O_{2}(1)\bigr)^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
$$\frac{4(\lambda+2\eta)}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda_{2}+\eta)}\csc ^{2}\beta\csc^{2}\alpha\leq2k \csc^{\frac{2}{p}}\alpha\csc^{\frac {2}{q}}\beta \quad\bigl( \varepsilon\rightarrow0^{+}\bigr), $$
$$k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})=\frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)\csc^{\frac {2}{p}}\beta\csc^{\frac{2}{q}}\alpha}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}\leq k. $$
4 Operator expressions
We set functions \(\Phi(m)\) and \(\Psi(n)\) as follows: from which we have We also set the following weight normed spaces: Then for \(a=\{a_{m}\}_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\in l_{p,\Phi }\), \(c=\{c_{n}\}_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\), \(c_{n}=\sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty }k(m,n)a_{m}\), in view of (17), we have \(\Vert c\Vert _{p,\Psi^{1-p}}< k_{\alpha,\beta }(\lambda_{1})\Vert a\Vert _{p,\Phi}<\infty\), namely, \(c\in l_{p,\Psi^{1-p}}\).
$$\begin{aligned}& \Phi(m) : =\bigl(|m|+m\cos\alpha\bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1} \quad\bigl(|m|\in\mathbf {N}\bigr), \\& \Psi(n) : =\bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda_{2})-1} \quad\bigl(|n|\in\mathbf{N}\bigr), \end{aligned}$$
$$\Psi^{1-p}(n)=\bigl(|n|+n\cos\beta\bigr)^{p\lambda_{2}-1} \quad\bigl(|n|\in\mathbf{N}\bigr). $$
$$\begin{aligned}& l_{p,\Phi} : =\Biggl\{ a=\{a_{m}\}_{|m|=1}^{\infty}; \Vert a\Vert _{p,\Phi}= \Biggl\{ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty} \Phi(m)|a_{m}|^{p}\Biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}< \infty \Biggr\} , \\& l_{q,\Psi} : =\Biggl\{ b=\{b_{n}\}_{|n|=1}^{\infty}; \Vert b\Vert _{q,\Psi}= \Biggl\{ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty} \Psi(n)|b_{n}|^{q}\Biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{q}}< \infty \Biggr\} , \\& l_{p,\Psi^{1-p}} : =\Biggl\{ c=\{c_{n}\}_{|n|=1}^{\infty}; \Vert c\Vert _{p,\Psi ^{1-p}}= \Biggl\{ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty} \Psi^{1-p}(n)|c_{n}|^{p}\Biggr\} ^{\frac {1}{p}}< \infty \Biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$
Definition 2
Define a Hilbert-type operator \(T:l_{p,\Phi }\rightarrow l_{p,\Psi^{1-p}}\) as follows: For any \(a=\{a_{m}\} _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\in l_{p,\Phi}\), there exists a unique representation \(c=Ta\in l_{p,\Psi^{1-p}}\). We also define the formal inner product of Ta and \(b=\{b_{n}\}_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\in l_{q,\Psi}\) (\(b_{n}\geq0\)) as follows:
$$ (Ta,b):=\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}k(m,n)a_{m}b_{n}. $$
(22)
Then for \(a_{m}\geq0\) (\(|m|\in\mathbf{N}\)), we may rewrite (16) and (17) as follows:
$$\begin{aligned}& (Ta,b) < k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})\Vert a\Vert _{p,\Phi}\Vert b\Vert _{q,\Psi}, \end{aligned}$$
(23)
$$\begin{aligned}& \Vert Ta\Vert _{p,\Psi^{1-p}} < k_{\alpha,\beta}( \lambda_{1})\Vert a\Vert _{p,\Phi}. \end{aligned}$$
(24)
We define the norm of operator T as follows: Then \(\Vert Ta\Vert _{p,\Psi^{1-p}}\leq\Vert T\Vert \cdot\Vert a\Vert _{p,\Phi}\). Since by Theorem 2, the constant factor \(k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})\) in (24) is the best possible, we have
$$ \Vert T\Vert :=\sup_{a\ (\neq\theta)\in l_{p,\Phi}}\frac{\Vert Ta\Vert _{p,\Psi ^{1-p}}}{\Vert a\Vert _{p,\Phi}}. $$
(25)
$$ \Vert T\Vert =k_{\alpha,\beta}(\lambda_{1})= \frac{2(\lambda+2\eta)\csc ^{\frac{2}{p}}\beta\csc^{\frac{2}{q}}\alpha}{(\lambda_{1}+\eta)(\lambda _{2}+\eta)}. $$
(26)
Remark 1
(i) For \(\eta=0\), (16) reduces to the following inequality: In particular, for \(\alpha=\beta=\frac{\pi}{2}\), (27) reduces to (4). If \(a_{-m}=a_{m}\), \(b_{-n}=b_{n}\) (\(m,n\in\mathbf{N}\)), then (4) reduces to (3). Hence, (16) is an extension of (4) with multi-parameters.
$$\begin{aligned} & \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(\max\{|m|+m\cos \alpha,|n|+n\cos\beta\})^{\lambda}}a_{m}b_{n} \\ & \quad< \frac{2\lambda}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}}\csc^{\frac{2}{p}}\beta \csc^{\frac{2}{q}}\alpha \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|m|+m\cos\alpha \bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ & \qquad{} \times \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n \cos\beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
(27)
(ii) For \(\eta=-\lambda\), \(-1\leq\lambda_{1}\), \(\lambda_{2}<0\) in (16), we have In particular, for \(\alpha=\beta=\frac{\pi}{2}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} & \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(\min\{|m|+m\cos \alpha,|n|+n\cos\beta\})^{\lambda}}a_{m}b_{n} \\ &\quad < \frac{2(-\lambda)}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}}\csc^{\frac{2}{p}}\beta \csc^{\frac{2}{q}}\alpha \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|m|+m\cos\alpha \bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ & \qquad{} \times \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n \cos\beta\bigr)^{q(1-\lambda _{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
(28)
$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(\min \{|m|,|n|\})^{\lambda}}a_{m}b_{n} \\ &\quad< \frac{2(-\lambda)}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty }|m|^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}|n|^{q(1-\lambda_{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac {1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
(29)
(iii) For \(\lambda=0\) in (16), we have \(\lambda_{2}=-\lambda _{1}\), \(|\lambda_{1}|<\eta\) (\(\eta>0\)) and In particular, for \(\alpha=\beta=\frac{\pi}{2}\), we have
$$ \begin{aligned}[b] &\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty} \biggl( \frac{\min\{ |m|+m\cos \alpha,|n|+n\cos\beta\}}{\max\{|m|+m\cos\alpha,|n|+n\cos\beta\}} \biggr) ^{\eta}a_{m}b_{n} \\ &\quad< \frac{4\eta}{\eta^{2}-\lambda_{1}^{2}}\csc^{\frac{2}{p}}\beta \csc^{\frac{2}{q}}\alpha \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|m|+m\cos\alpha \bigr)^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\qquad{}\times \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\bigl(|n|+n \cos\beta\bigr)^{q(1+\lambda _{1})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{aligned} $$
(30)
$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}\sum _{|m|=1}^{\infty} \biggl( \frac{\min\{ |m|,|n|\}}{\max\{|m|,|n|\}} \biggr) ^{\eta}a_{m}b_{n} \\ &\quad< \frac{4\eta}{\eta^{2}-\lambda_{1}^{2}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|m|=1}^{\infty }|m|^{p(1-\lambda_{1})-1}a_{m}^{p} \Biggr] ^{\frac{1}{p}} \Biggl[ \sum_{|n|=1}^{\infty}|n|^{q(1-\lambda_{2})-1}b_{n}^{q} \Biggr] ^{\frac {1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$
(31)
The above particular inequalities are all with the best possible constant factors.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (No. 2013A011403002), and Appropriative Researching Fund for Professors and Doctors, Guangdong University of Education (No. 2015ARF25).
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
BY carried out the mathematical studies, participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. DX and QC participated in the design of the study and performed the numerical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.