6. A Mathematical Model for COVID-19 in Italy with Possible Control Strategies

Italy faced the COVID-19 crisis in the early stages of the pandemic. In the present study, a SEIR compartment mathematical model has been proposed. The model considers four stages of infection: susceptible(S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). Basic reproduction number \(R_0\) which estimates the transmission potential of a disease has been calculated by the next-generation matrix technique. We have estimated the model parameters using real data for the Coronavirus transmission. To get a dipper insight into the transmission dynamics, we have also studied four of the most pandemic affected regions of Italy. Basic reproduction number stood differently for different regions of Italy i.e. Lombardia (2.1382), Veneto (1.7512), Emilia Romagna (1.6331), Piemonte (1.9099) and for Italy at 2.0683. The sensitivity of \(R_0\) corresponding to various disease transmission parameters has also been demonstrated via numerical simulations. Besides, it has been demonstrated with the help of simulations that earlier lockdown and rapid isolation of infective individuals would have been helpful in a dual way; by substantially reducing the number of susceptible people on one hand and preponing the end of the pandemic on the other. This paper also includes complete theoretical analysis of the proposed model including the epidemic feasibility of the model and existence of endemic equilibrium point. We have also derived the conditions under which the disease became endemic. Since the existence of an endemic equilibrium point refers to the possibility of backward bifurcation, we have given a detailed analysis regarding the same. All the theoretical analysis is supported by detailed numerical simulations to understand the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 While analyzing different regions of Italy it was found that Lombardia was the hardest hit and had the highest number of infectives. We have also forecasted the future scenario of the pandemic in Italy. The model predicts that the COVID-19 epidemic shall die out from the worst affected Lombardia region by approximately by November 2020.