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2023 | Book

Design of High-Entropy Ceramics with IGZO-Based Compounds for Electroceramics Applications Read chapter Read first chapter

Advances in Powder and Ceramic Materials Science 2023

Editors: Bowen Li, Dipankar Ghosh, Eugene A. Olevsky, Kathy Lu, Faqin Dong, Jinhong Li, Ruigang Wang, Alexander D. Dupuy, Elisa Torresani

Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland

Book Series : The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This collection emphasizes the advances of powder and ceramic/glass materials in the fundamental research, technology development, and industrial applications. Ceramic materials science covers the science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials, and includes design, synthesis, and fabrication of ceramics, glasses, advanced concretes, and ceramic-metal composites. In recent years, the hybrids of ceramic and metallic materials have received plenty of interdisciplinary inspirations and achievements in material processes and functional applications including ionic conductors, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, superconductors, semiconductor, filtrations, etc. Topics cover, but are not limited to:· Silicates, oxides, and non-oxide ceramics and glasses

· Synthesis, characterization, modeling, and simulation of ceramic materials

· Design and control of ceramic microstructure and properties

· Ceramic powders and processing

· Catalyst and catalyst support materials

· Fundamental understanding of ceramic materials and processes

· Novel methods, techniques, and instruments used to characterize ceramics and glasses

· High entropy ceramics (and/or entropy stabilized, complex-concentrated, compositionally-complex, multi-principal cation ceramics)

· Bioceramics, electronic, magnetic ceramics, and applications

· Surface treatment and ceramic thin films, membranes, and coatings

· Porous ceramic materials

· Hybrid systems of ceramic, metal, and/or polymer composites

· Ceramics used for extreme environments

· Metallurgical byproducts for ceramic manufacturing

Table of Contents

Frontmatter

Advances in Powder and Ceramic Materials Science

Frontmatter
Design of High-Entropy Ceramics with IGZO-Based Compounds for Electroceramics Applications
Abstract
Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO) is a ceramic material used in optoelectronic technology, having essential results such as high efficiency in energy consumption and better image quality in display devices. On the other hand, high-entropy ceramics (HECs) are an important route to design new and novel functional materials, and whose physical properties need to be explored. In this work, it is studied the HECs with IGZO-based compounds synthesized using conventional solid-state method. Several trivalent and divalent cations are substituted in the layered crystal structure of IGZO, and the equilibrium of phases is studied under different compositions and high temperatures. The classic quenching method is used, cooling in air from 1400 °C to room temperature. Phase equilibrium was monitored using X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal microstructure and cation distribution with elemental mapping. In addition, once the single phase with high-entropy composition is obtained, the dielectric properties are explored to analyze their possible electroceramic applications.
Zaid Alejandro Luzanilla Meléndrez, Alejandro Durán, Francisco Brown, Ofelia Hernández Negrete, Javier Hernández Paredes, Victor Emmanuel Alvarez Montano
Development of High Voltage Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor
Abstract
MLCC serves as a filter for reducing the noise of electric current. BaTiO3 (BT) is currently used as a dielectric material for high capacitance MLCCs. As power and charging speed of the EVs improve, higher voltages need to be selected. BT has material limitation in that the dielectric constant decreases with increasing voltage. Therefore, sacrifices have to be made in capacitance by decreasing permittivity or antiferroelectric materials need to be utilized. In this study, PLZT-based MLCC with higher dielectric constant than BT in 200–400 V was developed. The contents of Pb, La, Zr, and Ti were optimized, and Ni electrode was replaced with Cu to reduce cost. To solve possible Cu oxidation and PbO reduction, oxygen partial pressure was optimized.
Hyungsuk K. D. Kim
Development of an Experimentally Derived Model for Molybdenum Carbide (Mo2C) Synthesis in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate molybdenum carbide, Mo2C, synthesis in a fluidized-bed reactor. Molybdenum was introduced to the reactor as a precursor formed by adsorption of molybdate ions on an activated carbon substrate. Design of experiments was accomplished through the use of commercial software, Design-Expert12®. A matrix of seventeen experiments was developed and completed to evaluate molybdenum carbide synthesis as a function of reaction time, reaction temperature, and reactive gas composition. Conversion efficiencies were determined by characterizing the experimental products via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The conversion model was created through the application of response surface methodology utilizing a central composite design. Confirmatory experiments were performed to validate the model.
Maureen P. Chorney, Jerome P. Downey, K. V. Sudhakar
Fabrication of Ultra-Lightweight and Highly Porous Alumina Scaffolds by a Novel Sol–Gel/Freeze Casting Hybrid Method
Abstract
Ceramic-based scaffolds developed by the freeze casting method exhibit anisotropic lamellar and interconnected porous structure and can be adopted for filtration, insulation, absorption, and many applications. However, the upper limit of porosity caused by the unstable mechanical properties from low solid-loading slurries has restricted functionalities of scaffolds fabricated by the traditional freeze casting method. In this study, the sol–gel/freeze casting hybrid method was developed to fabricate the alumina scaffolds with low bulk density (200–500 kg/m3) and proper specific strength. The microstructural features of the lamellar structure and continuous surface developed from the condensation reaction were evaluated by SEM. The ultra-lightweight porous alumina scaffolds successfully fabricated by this hybrid method show high specific surface area and proper mechanical stability. The porosity of alumina scaffolds can reach over 90%, possessing great potential for filtration and gas absorption applications in the future, and this hybrid sol–gel/freeze casting approach can be extended to ceramic/glass scaffolds with varying functionalities.
Pei-Chieh Ho, Haw-Kai Chang, Po-Yu Chen
Effect of Three-Dimensionally Connected Porous Hydroxyapatite Ceramics on Enhancing Heat Storage of Lithium Nitrate Phase Transformation Materials
Abstract
As a medium-temperature phase change energy storage material, lithium nitrate has many applications in phase change energy storage due to its excellent thermal properties and specific heat capacity. However, its inherent leakage and corrosion problems have adversely affected its continued development. A unique pore structure must be designed to solve the severe leakage problem. The porous hydroxyapatite (Hap) ceramic (PHC) prepared by the microemulsion template method has a pore-window structure, uniform and controllable pore size, and three-dimensional permeability. Porous ceramics with different porosity can be obtained by adjusting the solid content, based on 80.2% porous ceramic. The encapsulation of LiNO3 into permeable ceramic channels by the medium-temperature melting method can solve PCM's corrosion and leakage problems. In this work, the phase transition temperatures during melting and solidification are 255.7 and 235.8 ℃, and the latent heats are 240.2 and 252.2 J·g−1, respectively. The sample solids content is 35 wt%, and the maximum packing ratio is 78 wt%. Therefore, the prepared composite phase change materials (CPCMs) possess controllable three-dimensional pore structures, excellent chemical properties, cycling stability, and chemical stability.
Ruifan Zhou, Shuang Song, Jinhong Li, Lu Jiang, Yixiu Xin
Water Gradations Stoichiometrically Resolve Cuprous-Chloride Tetrahedral Stamps in a Hydrochloric-Acid Smelter
Abstract
Our proposed gradation of a bearability-changer in solution-bodied cuprous chloride interfaces the stoichiometry with the disposal-habit in precipitation. The simplicity of an antisolvent-decoupled cuprous halide in a solvent is selected for an efficacious scout around a gradational tour de force. Likewise, this select is an engineered representative to give semiconduction- and production-applicability a wieldy affordable leg up. As water specials gradationally unload the cuprous chloride near saturation in hydrochloric acid, the precipitated ones’ exteriority stoichiometrically transitions. In delving an exterior-eventuality from interiority of these precipitates, their bred-in-the-bone zincblende lattice is fingered by the hired X-ray diffractometer. Optical microscopy and morphology further the visualization of the tetrahedron-externals drawn from some veterans in similar smelteries. For a constructional attraction, the escalated water bricks and downsizes an analogous façade to the primitive repeating unit at microscale. In these bricked analogies, the new discovered stellated-octahedra feature in the stoichiometric-bricking literacy and their superficial flair.
Kai-Wei Liu, Jia-Lin Hsu
Phase Equilibria of SiO2-Ce2O3-CaO-25wt.% Al2O3 System at 1773 K
Abstract
The utilization of rare earth resources, especially secondary resources (e.g., RE-oxide system slag), has been limited by the lack of thermodynamic information. In order to supplement and refine the thermodynamic data related to rare earth, the equilibrium experiments of SiO2-Ce2O3-CaO-25wt.% Al2O3 system phase diagram were carried out at 1773 K by the high-temperature isothermal equilibration/quenching technique in the current paper. The composition of seven phase regions was determined by FE-SEM, XRD, EPMA, and XRF analysis on the samples obtained by high-temperature equilibrium technology at 1773 K, including the primary crystal regions of three compounds (C2AS, 2CaO·SiO2, and CaO·2Ce2O3·3SiO2), three three-phase coexistence regions (L + C2AS + 2CaO·SiO2, L + C2AS + CaO·2Ce2O3·3SiO2, and L + CaO·2Ce2O3·3SiO2 + CeAl11O18), and a liquid region. The phase relations and isotherms of SiO2-Ce2O3-CaO-25wt.% Al2O3 system obtained in current work are beneficial to the recycling of rare earth resources containing cerium.
Rensheng Li, Mengchuan Li, Tongsheng Zhang, Wanlin Wang
Printed Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Heaters for Drying Ceramics
Abstract
The ceramic manufacturing process has been subject to many advances with the evolution of new technologies. However, there are still some delays and losses in the fundamental process which may be mitigated by deploying alternative technical tools and methods. One such stage is the sensitive pre-drying phase in which ceramic bodies can sustain drying defects such as micro-cracking and fractures due to lack of fine process control. This project investigates the feasibility of using Longwave infrared (LWIR) radiation emitted by a printed Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene (CNTG) heater for pre-drying a clay sample. The CNTG heater emits infrared radiation with a relatively low DC voltage power supply. By radiant heat transfer, homogeneous and uniform drying has been observed in the sample. The penetrative capability of the infrared energy which warms the inside of the sample is presented, as along with the results of comparing the CNTG heater with a silicone mat heater that also emits infrared radiation. The study establishes that the CNTG heater is not only capable of reducing the lead time of ceramics drying using penetrative IR, but also as an efficient and versatile option that can be economically deployed in the pre-drying stage of a ceramic manufacturing process.
Ziyad Sherif, John Patsavellas, Konstantinos Salonitis
Enhancing Reinforcing Efficiency of SiC Particles in Aluminum Matrix Composites with Intercalated Oxygen Atoms
Abstract
In metal matrix composites (MMCs), the interface between the metal matrix and reinforcement critically influences mechanical properties of MMCs because the load can transfer at the interface via the interfacial shear stress. We develop a new aluminum matrix composite (Al-O/SiC composite) reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particles which are dispersed in an interstitial aluminum alloy (called as I-Al) matrix containing oxygen atoms. The new composites reinforced with SiC particles are fabricated via powder metallurgy. Mechanical milling induces uniform dispersion of SiC particles in the matrix and also enables oxygen in the I-Al to be redistributed in the composite powder. Oxygen is observed at the interface between the matrix and SiC particles in the Al-O/SiC composite. Oxygen at the interface can provide additional chemical bonding other than mechanical interlocking at the interface, improving interface bonding of the composites. With the same amount of SiC particles, the mechanical properties of the Al-O/SiC composites including Vickers hardness, compressive yield strength, and elastic modulus are enhanced as compared to those of the Al/SiC composites. Therefore, the intercalated oxygen contributes to increasing reinforcing efficiency of the Al-O/SiC composites.
M. R. Joo, D. H. Bae
Weathering Resistance of Post-consumer Glass and Sawdust Reinforced Polyester Composites
Abstract
Weathering resistance test was carried out to determine the ability of post-consumer glass and sawdust reinforced polyester composite to withstand outdoor service conditions using water absorption (WA) and tensile properties. 16 samples were investigated consisting of various percentage by weight of post-consumer glass, sawdust as well as hybrid compositions. Test pieces were submerged in distilled water for 35 days and weighed on a daily basis to determine the level of absorption. Changes in tensile strength before and after water absorption were recorded and compared. Samples 5/27.5/67.5, 0/40/60, and 0/20/80 wt.% of sawdust/post-consumer glass/polyester had the lowest WA of 1.23%, 1.91%, 1.36% respectively while hybrid sample 20/20/60 wt.% had the highest WA of 7.46%. Hybrid samples 5/27.5/67.5, 7/33/60, 20/20/60 wt.% with original tensile strength of 11.60, 19.76, 10.25 MPa respectively had an improved tensile strength of 12.63, 22.84, and 12.85 MPa respectively. Generally, tensile strength increased after water absorption indicating increase in weathering resistance which suggests that the composite material can be employed as particle board for outdoor application.
Kator Jeff Jomboh, Mohammed Kabir Yakubu, Wilson Uzochukwu Eze, Adele Dzikwi Garkida, Emmanuel Majiyebo Alemaka
Preparation of FeMnAlSiC Powder by CO2-Steel Slag Cooperative Electro Deoxidation
Abstract
The resource utilization of CO2 and steel slag is an urgent problem that needs to be solved. In order to solve the problem of high added value utilization of CO2-steel slag, thermodynamic calculations were carried out for the preparation of FeMnAlSiC by molten salt electrolysis. Results showed that during 800–1000 °C, the voltage range of −2.51 to −2.39 V could ensure the reduction of slag, and the reduction order was Fe, Mn, Si, and Al. CO2 was continuously introduced into NaCl–CaCl2, existed in the form of CO32−. C will appear under the voltage of −2.77 to −2.51 V, and then reacted with Fe, Mn, Al, Si in the cathode to synthesize FeMnAlSiC powder. In conclusion, considering energy consumption, thermodynamic conditions for the synthesis of metal elements in the cathode and ensuring that molten salt was not electrolyzed, the electrolysis temperature and voltage were 900 °C and −3 V respectively. Under this condition, FeMnAlSiC powder could be prepared theoretically, and the order of alloying in theory was Mn–Si, Fe–Si, Si–C, Mn–C, Al–Si–C, Fe–C.
Zhenwei Jing, Xiaofei Xing, Ju Meng, Hongyan Yan, Hui Li, Jinglong Liang
Thermodynamic Analysis of BN Prepared by Electrodeposition BN Power
Abstract
BN has a wide application in the fields of anticorrosion, adsorption, and lubrication, due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. With the development of electrochemical methods, BN was prepared by electrodeposition of B2O3 in NaCl–CaCl2 and N2 atmosphere, which provided a new idea for the preparation of BN. The results of thermodynamic analysis showed that the theoretical decomposition voltage of B2O3 was −1.73 to −1.66 V at 800–1000 °C. The electrodeposition process was accompanied by chemical synthesis of borate with B2O3, O2−, and metal ions, the formation sequence was Na2B4O7, Na2B2O4, Ca3B2O6, Ca2B2O5, CaB2O4, and decomposition voltage of these borates was −2.19 to −1.75 V. Spontaneous reaction between N2 and B generated BN. Considering factors such as energy consumption, electrolysis conditions of raw materials and borate, and molten salt state, it was determined that the electrolysis temperature and electrolysis voltage were 800–1000 °C and −2.19 to −1.75 V, respectively. BN powder can be prepared theoretically.
Ju Meng, Chao Luo, Zhenwei Jing, Hongyan Yan, Hui Li, Jinglong Liang
Use of Ceramic Waste in Different Percentages as a Replacement of the Fine Aggregate in Mortars
Abstract
With the growth of the population and, consequently, of civil construction, there was an increase in the consumption of natural resources, generating a large amount of solid waste and contributing to various environmental impacts. The application of solid waste in civil construction aims to reduce environmental pollution and the construction of sanitary landfills. Thus, this work presents the use of ceramic waste as a substitute for fine aggregate in proportions of 10, 20, and 30% in mortars. To evaluate its use, tests of consistency index, density in the fresh state, tensile strength in flexion and axial compression, tensile bond strength, and microstructural analysis were performed using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test. Through the results, it is concluded that the best proportion used is 10% of ceramic waste, which indicated results superior to the reference mix, presenting smaller pores, resulting in high strengths. At 28 days, it obtained 2.91 MPa of tensile strength and 9.40 MPa of compressive strength.
M. G. P. Cherene, G. C. Xavier, A. R. G. Azevedo, S. N. Monteiro

Powder Materials Processing and Fundamental Understanding

Frontmatter
Combustion Synthesis of ZrC-TiC Composite Nanoparticle by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis (SHS) in ZrO2–TiO2–Mg/Al–C System
Abstract
In this study, ZrC–TiC composite nanoparticle was synthesized by SHS method using oxide raw materials, carbon black, and Mg and Al reductants. For SHS processes, composite charge stoichiometries were optimized for Mg usage, and the usage of Al and Mg was compared. The stoichiometries of the chemicals used in the processes applied to remove undesired by-products and the most accurate process steps were determined for the purification of the SHS product. A novel route was established for purification of SHS product obtained by Al usage as reductant. Characterization was performed with XRD analysis. The results showed that commercial purity ZrC–TiC powder with high surface area could be synthesized by using both reductants. The results revealed that Mg is a better reductant, but Al with lower cost when compared to Mg is also a suitable reductant, although it increases the process steps.
Mehmet Bugdayci, Ozan Coban
Sintering Mechanism for Polycrystalline Diamond
Abstract
High-performance sintered diamond tools are applied to fields such as wire drawing and rock drilling. They represent a considerable advancement in hard materials sintering. Diamond particles with cobalt are liquid phase sintered to produce a dense composite using high pressure (5 GPa or more) and high temperature (1400 °C or more). Pressure is applied during heating to avoid decomposition into graphite. That pressure is amplified at grain contacts to stabilize diamond, but graphite forms at lower stress regions away from the grain contacts. Sintering occurs when melt spreads between the grains to dissolve carbon, initiating transport from graphite regions to diamond contacts. Necks nucleate on surface defects in preferred crystallographic directions. The sintered diamond exhibits properties, such as high hardness, that reflect the processing parameters or powder size, defect structure, cobalt content, peak temperature, pressure, and hold time.
Randal M. German
Combustion Synthesis of B4C–TiB2 Composite Nanoparticle by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (SHS) in B2O3–TiO2–Mg–C System
Abstract
In this study, B4C-TiB2 nanocomposite powder was synthesized from oxide raw materials with the principle of magnesiothermic reduction in B2O3–TiO2–Mg–C system by SHS method. For the SHS process, Mg and C stoichiometries were optimized with thermochemical simulation, and composite charge stoichiometry and Mg particle size were optimized with XRD, BET and SEM analyzes. Optimization of acid concentration, leaching temperature, and leaching time parameters has been provided for the HCl leaching processes carried out to remove undesired by-products after SHS. In addition, pH and temperature changes during leaching were analyzed and an innovative application of modified leaching with H2O2 and carbonic acid addition was investigated. The results showed that by optimizing the process steps for the synthesis of B4C–TiB2 composite nanoparticle by the SHS method, a commercial grade product with a surface area of 30.6 m2/g, and a particle size of 193 nm was obtained.
Ozan Coban, Mehmet Bugdayci, Serkan Baslayici, M. Ercan Acma
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Advances in Powder and Ceramic Materials Science 2023
Editors
Bowen Li
Dipankar Ghosh
Eugene A. Olevsky
Kathy Lu
Faqin Dong
Jinhong Li
Ruigang Wang
Alexander D. Dupuy
Elisa Torresani
Copyright Year
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-22622-9
Print ISBN
978-3-031-22621-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22622-9

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