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2023 | Book

Supply Chains, Costs and Investments in Times of Multiple Crises Read chapter Read first chapter

Advances in Resilient and Sustainable Transport

Proceedings of the 6th Interdisciplinary Conference on Production, Logistics and Traffic 2023

Editors: Uwe Clausen, Marius Dellbrügge

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Book Series : Lecture Notes in Logistics

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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About this book

This book reports on recent research and developments at the interface between the areas of production, logistics and traffic. Gathering the proceedings of the 6th ICPLT, held on March 22-23, 2023, at TU Dortmund University, in Germany, this volume gives a special emphasis to theories, trends and technologies for planning and operating freight transport systems in a sustainable and resilient way. The twenty-two contributions included in this book cover algorithms, models, and experimental methods to addresses challenges and knowledge gaps relating to traffic flows and logistic processes. They also report on advanced technologies, human factors research and strategies that should help better understand the interdependencies and conflicts of interest in the field of production, logistics and traffic, and to develop feasible solutions. All in all, this book provides a timely snapshot of research and developments concerning freight and public transport, cargo bikes, maritime and rail transport, electrical and hydrogen vehicles, simulation and optimization in production and logistics, production and supply chain management, sustainable logistics, and intralogistics and automation. It offers extensive information to researchers, engineers and other professionals, and public authorities that are active in all the above- mentioned fields.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Supply Chains, Costs and Investments in Times of Multiple Crises
Abstract
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has significantly clouded the economic outlook in Germany and worsened the investment climate. The investment gap created in the wake of the Covid pandemic will not be closed for the time being. This not only weighs on the pace of economic activity, but at the same time creates protracted deficits in the overall economic capital stock and the associated production and productivity potential. The business surveys conducted by the German Economic Institute in summer and autumn 2022 provide an empirical basis for explaining the current weakness in investment. On the one hand, this company data shows the influence of certain factors on general investment activity, which is unaffected by the Ukraine war. Digitalisation and decarbonisation have a positive impact on the level of investment. High labour costs, production problems due to a lack of supplies and, in particular, the prevailing global economic uncertainty, on the other hand, are weighing on the investment climate. Uncertainties regarding energy supply, a lack of employees and the level of energy costs are also dominant barriers to investment. Secondly, the companies were asked whether and how, in their view, these investment determinants are influenced by the war in Ukraine. While the few positive drivers of investment from the companies’ point of view have changed only little, there has been a massive deterioration especially in the already existing barriers to investment: the sharp rise in energy costs, uncertainties regarding energy supply, global uncertainties and disruptions.
Hubertus Bardt, Michael Grömling

Freight and Public Transport, Demand Modelling, Human Factors and Challenges - with Contributions Presented by the German Road and Transportation Research Association (FGSV)

Frontmatter
Design of a Forecasting Method for Occupancy Rates in Local Public Transport Based on Data from Automatic Passenger Counting Systems
Abstract
The predominant focus on individual motorized transport is neither sustainable nor socially just. One goal of a more sustainable design of the transport sector is to encourage people to use public transport.
One barrier for passengers to use public transport are heavily occupied vehicles and the uncertainty about whether an empty seat is available on the desired connection. In this paper, a model is presented that is able to forecast the occupancy of vehicles in public transport. This information can be provided to passengers to increase customer satisfaction.
Different sub models are presented, which differ according to their forecast horizon and the data sources used. The most important data source is data from automatic passenger counting systems collected in vehicles in the region of Northern Hesse during the project period of the research project U-hoch-3. After linking further data sources such as weather and timetable data, stratification characteristics are developed based on which occupancy states can be derived for future journeys. By linking the data with real-time data, the forecast quality can be significantly improved.
It is shown which influences the Covid-19 pandemic and the introduction of the 9 € ticket in Germany had on the model development and by which functions these changes in demand can be correctly represented by the model.
The results presented in this paper show that it is possible to reliably predict occupancy rates for vehicles in public transport.
Stefan Saake, Carsten Sommer
Effects of Cognitive Biases and Their Fuzzy Measure During Freight Transportation
Abstract
Cognitive biases affect all aspects of our lives, including the decision-making process related to the routing of freight transport. In the process of using human-machine systems, people upload rational and objective algorithms in order to obtain the best possible results in the route planning process. Nevertheless, during the route choice process, human reasoning, based on experience and assumptions, overrides the choice of the machine, that is, cognitive biases appear in the decision-making processes. For this reason, we investigate how an objective system of interests becomes a cognitive bias during the process of making decisions related to the route choice of freight transport by motor vehicle. Furthermore, we present a methodology to estimate fuzzy measures of route-related deviations concerning time and distance, which may be indicative of the emergence of cognitive biases.
Eszter Sós, Adrián Horváth, Péter Földesi
Exploring Knowledge Gaps Amongst Key Actors in the Transition Towards an Electrified Freight Transport System in Sweden
Abstract
The Swedish freight sector is under transition towards fossil fuel-free vehicles. Introduction of electrified vehicles is currently seen as a major contributor to achieve this; however, the necessary transition is characterized by much uncertainty for many actors, much of which is stemming from knowledge gaps. In this study we explore knowledge gaps amongst different key actors important for this transition. Taking a qualitative approach, the main empirical material consists of about 80 semi-structured interviews and 2 workshops with representatives of the following groups of actors: transport companies, shippers, vehicle manufacturers, energy sector, property owners (terminals and warehousing), upcoming and emergent actors, and public authorities.
Most actors in our study speak of an enormous need for knowledge, much of which stems from a lack of experience as well as an intransparency between actors. Parts of the existing knowledge resource are becoming obsolete and have to be replaced by new knowledge, something which proves difficult for many actors. A significant uncertainty also lies in how the new system should be formed and who should be responsible for what. Crucial for learning and knowledge exchange is collaboration amongst actors. However, this proves challenging in a changing system where existing, traditional partnerships are not enough anymore and the very actor structure is under transition.
Petra Stelling, Sabrina Brunner
First Mile Challenges for Agricultural Logistics
Abstract
The agriculture supply chain has been considered inefficient in many respects. Inefficiency is at its extreme extending to both ends of the supply chain, but the agricultural logistics research lacks comprehensive studies on the challenges of first mile stage. This study aims to lay background for further detailed studies through identification, categorization and prioritization of first mile challenges. This study draws from scientific and grey literature as primary sources of information. 83 references were identified initially, but the final sample included 66 references from the last decade. Additionally, this study develops an evidence value index to assess the evidence worthiness. Altogether 90 identified challenges were clustered around six distinct but interrelated themes. More attention is called for on clusters of natural environment and phenomena and regulations. Also, too long supply chain and excessive circulation links, heavy wastage throughout the supply chain and complex and poor road network are found to be among the most crucial challenges.
Taha Karasu, Shahid Hussain, Pekka Leviäkangas
Microscopic Agent-Based Parcel Demand Model for the Simulation of CEP-Based Urban Freight Movements to and from Companies
Abstract
Recently, a substantial increase in parcel volumes has been observable, primarily shipped by courier, express, and parcel service providers (CEPSPs). Especially in urban areas, existing space conflicts are intensified, while emissions are steadily rising due to the higher need of parcel transportation. From a regional planning perspective, understanding the net effect of increased parcel volumes is essential for transportation planning and policies, for which freight demand models are commonly used. Existing models primarily focus on parcel deliveries to private customers, although parcel shipments to and from companies considerably contribute to the overall parcel volumes. Hence, this study aims to develop an agent-based model that explicitly represents the in- and outgoing parcel volumes of companies in urban areas delivered by CEPSPs. An approach based on Open Data and self-conducted expert interviews with CEPSPs is developed. First, OpenStreetMap data is used to geographically represent companies with the corresponding sector assignment within a study area in Karlsruhe, Germany. Second, a concept for modeling the weekly in- and outgoing parcel volume for each company in the study area is developed using literature-based data. The approach is integrated into the existing agent-based framework logiTopp considering all relevant CEPSPs of the respective area. The application shows that modeling CEP-based transportation volumes of companies based on Open Data is possible though restrictions apply to the granularity of the used data. However, potential is seen in generating a well-funded empirical database of companies’ in- and outgoing parcel demand structures to improve the model further.
Lukas Barthelmes, Mehmet Emre Görgülü, Jelle Kübler, Martin Kagerbauer, Peter Vortisch

Cargo Bikes and Freight Transport

Frontmatter
Cargo Bikes in Transport Logistics Review of User Requirements and Related Bike Models
Abstract
Due to the development of new, sustainable, and space-saving mobility concepts, the commercial use of cargo bikes is discussed in the literature as a possible approach. For the implementation, however, only user-specific requirements of potential applicants from entire industry sectors are considered; a specific analysis of individual occupational groups will not be required. In this context, a survey tool will be developed, to identify occupational group-dependent minimum requirements for the commercial use of a cargo bike. In addition, the tool determines decision-relevant characteristics for increasing the acceptance of this mobility concept. Based on the collected data in the survey and market research, decision support for the selection of a suitable cargo bike is provided. This is offered to potential users in the form of an MS Excel tool. The validation of the developed tool is done by surveying three occupational groups.
The evaluation of the survey provides valid research results and identifies occupational group-dependent differences regarding the preferences for the commercial use of a cargo bike, as well as personal deviations between potential users. According to this, an occupational group-specific distinction can be classified as relevant and the developed tool offers an approach for collecting the required information.
Maximilian Mowe, Annchristin Weiß, Uwe Clausen
Delivery and Shipping Behaviour of Commercial Freight Demand of Logistics Service Providers – An Empirical Study for Berlin
Abstract
The delivery and shipping behaviour of companies as shippers and recipients in Berlin was investigated in the framework of an empirical study to derive the commercial freight demand and to subsequently estimate the freight transport demand generated. For this purpose, a primary data collection focussing on shipping and delivery behaviour of such companies was carried out, in which the decisions of shippers and recipients were analysed. Based on the collected data, the freight demand of different economic sectors could be described in detail. A high share of the delivery volume is generated by the retail sector. This sector generates many small consignments <30 kg, the majority of which are delivered or shipped by trucks <3.5 tons permissible total weight (ptw). Wholesale and manufacturing generate consignments >30 kg, in general cargo and pallets, which are transported by means of trucks >3.5 tons ptw. The survey results show the influence of the different economic sectors on consignment size, delivery and shipping frequency and choice of vehicle.
Greta Hettich, Tilman Matteis, Carina Thaller

Maritime and Rail Transport – with Contributions Presented by the World Conference on Transport Research Society (WCTRS) - SIG B3: Freight Transport Operations and Intermodality

Frontmatter
Dynamic Container Routing Problem on a Rail-Based Hub-and-Spoke Network
Abstract
How to rapidly respond to the high transportation demands and send goods to their destinations as soon as possible is a critical decision in order processing of rail freight transport. However, additional capacity always comes with higher costs. How to optimize cargo routing while avoiding cost increases with capacity change is a challenge for intermodal operators. In this paper, we discuss the problem of selecting transportation services and transshipment connections among them in a hub-and-spoke network to transport discrete containerized cargo with minimal transit time. This decision-making is related to a given periodic schedule and strict capacity constraints of services, the temporal constraints for transshipment processes, and the demands over time. To solve the related operational multi-commodity network flow problem (MCFP) over a multi-period horizon, we propose a time-minimized MCFP model with linear integer programming. We solve the model with an instance of a real-world rail network. By presenting the optimization results of the real-world case and comparing them with the historical shipment data, we discuss the capability of TM-MCFP to fulfill given shipping requests and the impact of different response frequencies by order processing on the routing results and on the utilization of transportation services.
Ralf Elbert, Hongjun Wu
Reinforcement Learning at Container Terminals: A Literature Classification
Abstract
Seaport container terminals serve a crucial role in global supply chains. They must be capable of handling ever-larger ships in less time at competitive prices. As a response, terminals are seeking new approaches to optimize operational decisions to improve their container throughput and operational efficiency. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods keeps promising great potential for solving diverse and complex application cases in logistics planning. Especially reinforcement learning (RL) methods are increasingly being explored as machine learning modules no longer strictly follow a specific goal, but programmed agents act and self-optimize in a virtual training environment. A comprehensive review, classification, and discussion of relevant literature on RL at container terminals for operational decision problems is the subject of this paper. Thereby, the feasibility of RL approaches is shown, but also the hurdles and current limitations.
Michaela Grafelmann, Nicole Nellen, Carlos Jahn

Electric, Hydrogen Vehicles and Chemical Logistics

Frontmatter
Simulation-Based Impact Assessment of Electric and Hydrogen Vehicles in Urban Parcel Delivery Operations
Abstract
Alternative energy sources are increasingly being considered to power vehicles used in freight transport. This is in a bid to reduce emissions generated by the transportation sector. Moreover, opportunities for implementation exist in urban logistics, particularly in the last-mile stage of the delivery chain. In this paper, the potentials for using ecological-friendly vehicles for parcel delivery is evaluated. To do this, we apply the microscopic agent-based simulation framework, MATSim, and the integrated logistics behaviour model, Jsprit to the parcel market scene in Berlin, Germany. This study provides quantitative insight into the transport-related, economic and environmental implications of deploying electric and hydrogen vehicles to replace traditional diesel-powered vehicles, used in urban parcel delivery operations. We compare the simulation results generated for key transport-related, economic and ecological key indicators in three scenarios: (i) status quo diesel-driven vehicles, (ii) 100% adoption of electric vehicles and (iii) 100% adoption of hydrogen vehicles. We show that electric and hydrogen vehicles can reduce emissions generated in parcel delivery operations but are unable to reduce the transport-related impacts and transport costs.
Ibraheem Oluwatosin Adeniran, Abdulrahmon Ghazal, Carina Thaller
Groundbreaking Challenges of Deploying Battery-Electric Terminal Trucks in Container Terminals
Abstract
To avoid a climate crisis, we need to drastically change the way we ship goods. Therefore, container terminals must also reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible. Since terminal trucks are the most commonly used container handling equipment for horizontal transportation in container terminals worldwide, a suitable starting point can be found here. They are often used together with rubber-tired gantry cranes. Combined, they are accountable for up to 70% of the container terminal’s greenhouse gas emissions. One way to reduce these emissions is to electrify terminal trucks.
This paper shows the groundbreaking implications of deploying battery-electric terminal trucks in container terminals. To do so, this paper approaches the topic from a management and a technological perspective. On the one side, potential emission and cost savings, and on the other side current battery technologies, required charging infrastructure, and possible charging strategies are descripted. With this knowledge, a decision model is developed to deploy battery-electric terminal truck in container terminals. The decision model bases on information collected in an extensive literature search and a cost calculation.
Andreas Mohr, Marvin Kastner, Carlos Jahn
Requirements Catalog for Intralogistics Processes in the Production of Specialty Chemicals
Abstract
Changing market conditions in the chemical industry are leading to an increased demand for fast and individual-engineered chemicals. This results in a decline in mass production towards producing small, demand-driven quantities. A wide range of variants, which must be controlled by logistics, emerges, leading to logistical complexity.
Based on this, the research paper addresses the variety-induced logistical complexity. Therefore, a requirements catalog will be created containing the specifications of the intralogistics processes for producing specialty chemicals. The complex supply of vertically connected plants is under special consideration. First, the research design will be evaluated to determine whether it fits the criteria and can be applied. Afterward, the methodical procedure of literature analysis is accomplished to develop the catalog from the obtained information.
Maximilian Kiefer, Alexander Stolte, Lasse Jurgeleit, Uwe Clausen

Simulation and Optimization in Production and Logistics

Frontmatter
Exploratory Analysis of Transportation System for Modular Vehicle Concept Operated as Passenger and Goods Transport Using Continuum Approximation Techniques
Abstract
Transport systems are subjects to a wide range of interactions between different actors occurring on different time scales, so their holistic assessment still remains a major challenge. Particularly the consideration of disruptive transport means such as modular vehicles or drones can make the integrated assessment not applicable, because little or no knowledge about their impacts are often available. In framework of this study we propose a Continuum Approximation (CA) methodology to explore and optimize different transportation system configurations for urban modular vehicles supposing integrated deployment on both passenger and parcel markets. Based on the classical approach from [1] we aim to derive transport system-relevant relationships such as average tour length per customer, number of stops per tour, headways and the number of vehicles in the delivery area with respect to continuous demand density. Furthermore, we validate this approach by comparing test data to discrete agent-based simulation and applied the model in context of the modeled scenario. In fact, our study reveals that the proposed CA model can be an effective tool to approximate the basic transport relationships especially in regions with small customer density and uniform demand. We also show in context of a scenario with modular autonomous vehicles, how the number for potential depots can be approximated in a hypothetical delivery region when only very rough system parameters are known.
Elija Deineko, Gunnar Knitschky, Daniela Rischke
Approximation Algorithms for p-Hub Center Problems
Abstract
We study the 3 p-hub center problems for which no approximation algorithm is known. The p-hub center problems are one of the four hub location problems defined by Campbell (1994). Hub location problems consider combined location and routing decisions. They model the location problems of logistics providers, especially for intermodal freight transport. Hub center problems are a subpart and focus on minimizing the maximal cost of a hub location objective. There are three variants of hub center problems with different objectives.
In this paper, an approximation algorithm is constructed for the third p-hub center problem, which is a generalization of a k-center algorithm. In addition, this paper develops a reduction from the first and second p-hub center problems to the third p-hub center problem. Both results combined lead to a constant factor approximation algorithm for any p-hub center problem.
In addition, this paper further improves these bounds for the problems’ multi-allocation variant.
Niklas Jost, Uwe Clausen
Partitioned vs. Integrated Planning of Hinterland Networks for LCL Transportation
Abstract
Utilizing existing transportation networks better and designing (parts of) networks involves routing decisions to minimize transportation costs and maximize consolidation effects. We study the concrete example of hinterland networks for the truck-transportation of less-than-container-load (LCL) ocean freight shipments: A set of LCL shipments is given. They have to be routed through the hinterland network to be transported to an origin port and finally to the destination port via ship. On their way, they can be consolidated in hubs to full-container-load (FCL) shipments. The overall transportation cost depends on the selection of the origin port and the routing and consolidation in the hinterland network. A problem of this type appears for the global logistics provider DB Schenker. We translate the business problem into a hub location problem, describe it mathematically, and discuss solution strategies. As a result, an integrated modeling approach has several advantages over solving a simplified version of the problem, although it requires more computational effort.
Niklas Jost, Dorothee Henke, Ivo Hedtke, Oliver Bredtmann, Joachim Weise, Christoph Buchheim, Uwe Clausen
Cooling Technologies in Cooled Supply Chains. About the Suitability and Sustainability of Dry Ice as a Cooling Medium. An Exhaustive Review
Abstract
Reducing carbon and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a major challenge in the transportation and logistics sector. This issue is still a considerable challenge, especially in the cold supply chain for the food and beverage, e-commerce, and pharma last-mile segment. This paper investigates existing research to assess the published literature, product awareness, and utilisation of dry ice in the cold supply chain. The literature review identified 23 papers based on the keywords search. The review focused on the papers which demonstrated studies and experiments in the reduction of CO2 and GHG emissions in the cold supply chains with respect to Phase Change Material (PCM) and dry ice cooling. The main aim of this paper is to investigate existing literature on dry ice and to comprehend the degree of dry ice utilisation in cold supply chain management. Based on the literature review and the analysis of recent experiments on using dry ice as the cooling medium provided various alternative supply chain solutions. Moreover, various future research topics related to sustainability and the last-mile issues with respect to dry ice cooling were classified, which could potentially fill the identified knowledge gap. The study resulted in identifying certain best practices and potential key performance indicators (KPIs) for dry ice cooling.
Naeem Salim Bagwan, Roel Gevaers, Wouter Dewulf

Production, SCM and Sustainability

Frontmatter
Resilience of Urban Factories and Their Supply Chains – Identification of Indicators and Recommendations for Increasing Resilience
Abstract
Resilience is becoming an increasingly important trait for global and lean supply chains, especially due to recent external shocks or disruptions to supply chains, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, the Suez Canal blockage or the container shortage. Furthermore, megatrends and ongoing developments as for instance a rapidly growing global population, advancing urbanization, resource scarcity and digitalization intensify the question of resilient and sustainable production and logistics systems. Cities are a hotspot for value creation and are connected to specific opportunities and challenges at the same time for manufacturing industry in urban factories.
To cope with these developments, a structured process has been designed to analyze the influence and linkages between the characteristics of urban factories and resilience indicators. With these connections, opportunities and challenges for urban factories and their supply chains regarding resilience indicators can be identified. The results can be utilized to create more resilient production sites and supply chains in an urban environment and in general.
Marius Dellbrügge, Sina Rudolf, Felix Kreuz, Max Juraschek, Christoph Herrmann, Uwe Clausen
The Planning of Hyperloop-Based CargoTubes Routes for Sustainable Logistic Solutions
Abstract
CargoTube is an innovative approach for decarbonized, efficient, effective, and safe transport. A CargoTube is an Hyperloop-based transport system designed to transport goods. This paper demonstrates how such systems are planned by a traditional phased approach as used for the planning of road construction. The planning tasks are supported by tools such as spreadsheets, discrete event simulation and lifecycle performance assessment allowing the anticipation of performance from different perspectives including economic and environmental dimensions. An example connecting a Logistics Service Park (LSP) with an automotive production site is used to demonstrate the approach and to show the identified benefits of such a system in comparison with traditional transport approaches.
Heiko Duin, Walter Neu, Thomas Schüning, Lukas Eschment, Thomas Nobel, Stephan Wurst
Occupational Health and Safety Practices and Supplier Selection in the South African Mining and Construction Industry
Abstract
The South African Mining and Construction industries are critical in driving the country’s economy. However, both industries are notorious for the high rate of fatal incidents and other workplace accidents. As a result, the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance of these industries has attracted the attention of the government, investors and other stakeholders. A vital consideration typically considered in appointing suppliers in the mining and construction industries is their adherence to OHS. However, no single universally accepted standard for selecting suppliers exists. Some of the most popular criteria in supplier selection include price, quality and the capacity to deliver on time. This study explored the role of the implementation of OHS on supplier selection and competitive advantage in the mining and construction industries in South Africa. A qualitative method was followed in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals representing South African mining and construction firms. Content analysis was used to develop answers to the research questions.
The study’s findings show that the implementation level of OHS practices varies between firms, even for businesses operating in the same industry. The performance of OHS does not always shape supplier selection processes but influences competitive advantage. Moreover, supplier selection processes are not always effective in ensuring that OHS-compliant suppliers are selected. The research concludes that OHS is not considered a mandatory criterion when appointing suppliers. Hence, there are inconsistencies in supplier selection processes characterised by a lack of enforcement of OHS legal obligations for suppliers.
Jane Dolo, Chengedzai Mafini

Intralogistics and Automation

Frontmatter
Literature Review on Current Approaches to Ergonomic Order Allocation in Order Picking
Abstract
In the logistics sector, there is a serious lack of skilled operational staff. As a result of an ageing population and the increasing number of work-related physical musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and mental illnesses, ergonomic resource planning and control in order picking is becoming increasingly important. Nevertheless, approaches to order allocation that distribute orders to employees based on capacity utilisation without considering workload or even subjective stress are still popular in research and industry. Within the framework of a literature review it is examined which approaches of order and workforce allocation considering ergonomic aspects do exist and how they are distinguished as well as which ergonomic criteria are taken into account. To compare the researched papers a content-based analysis is conducted applying previously defined comparison criteria that focus on the order picking context, considered ergonomic criteria, their combined assessment and databased validation. The findings provide an overview of current approaches to ergonomic order allocation in order picking. Additionally, the results are presented transparently in a comparison matrix.
Linda Maria Wings, Christian Fahrenholz, Aylin Uludag
Enhancing Manual Order Picking Process Through Picking Robots in a Forward-Reserve Warehouse
Abstract
Order picking is a key process in warehouse operations. Although various contributions have been made in this area, in the era of e-commerce, however, the order picking process faces new challenges, e.g., large assortments and tight delivery schedules. Thus, the traditional manual order picking system may not deliver satisfying performance in the current business environment. The forward–reserve order picking system describes a warehouse setting, in which the forward area holds restricted inventory for fast picking and internal replenishment operations are organized to transport items from the reserve area to avoid stock shortage. In this study, a newly developed market-ready technology, autonomous picking robots, were applied for the replenishment tasks, thus, support human pickers in the forward area. Unlike other warehouse automation solutions, e.g., automated storage and retrieval systems, picking robots are capable of automating the entire picking process and modifications of the original warehouse layout are not required. By simulating the proposed system, various team sizes of humans and robots were investigated under different demand patterns und warehouse layouts. The results indicate that with the support of picking robots, the throughput of the manual order picking systems can be increased.
Minqi Zhang
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Advances in Resilient and Sustainable Transport
Editors
Uwe Clausen
Marius Dellbrügge
Copyright Year
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-28236-2
Print ISBN
978-3-031-28196-9
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28236-2

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