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Published in:
Relevance of Smart Economy in Smart Cities in Africa Read chapter Read first chapter

2019 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

3. Africa’s Smart City Foundation: Urbanization, Urban Form and Structure, Land Tenure and Basic Infrastructures

Author : Gora Mboup

Published in: Smart Economy in Smart African Cities

Publisher: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

Cities grow in population size as well as in land use. This chapter assesses the spatial growth of city and how populations are spatially distributed. It assesses the spatial growth of cities and how populations are spatially distributed in terms of density, compactness and land use (infill, extension, inclusion and leapfrogging). While the population of the city has been well researched and presented in the tradition of the UN Population Division to update the urban levels and trends and city growth in its yearly publication titled: World Urbanization Prospects, few studies provide sufficient accurate information on spatial growth of cities in different periods. Little was known on the spatial growth of cities until recently with the development and use of GIS technologies. The chapter will also analyse land tenure and the provision of basic infrastructures such as water, sanitation in African cities. It will also introduce the concept and measurement of a smart city foundation. A smart city is viewed as a sustainable, inclusive, resilient and prosperous city that promotes a people-centric approach based on three core components and seven dimensions. The three core components are Smart City Foundation, ICT, and Smart Institutions and Laws, which in turn are the pillars of the other dimensions of a smart city: Infrastructure Development, Environmental Sustainability, Social Development, Social Inclusion, Economic Development, Disasters Exposure, Resilience, Peace and Security. The three components together with the seven dimensions make a Smart Economy. A smart city foundation is composed of three elements: Urban Planning and Design, Land Policies and Basic Infrastructure. For a city foundation to be smart, it must be inclusive at the onset of the urban planning and promotes mixed neighbourhoods where social clustering is discouraged.

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Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
Angel et al. (2016).
 
2
see also Bryan et al. (2007).
 
3
Bertaud (2004), Bertaud and Richardson (2004).
 
4
Bryan et al. (2007) (Chatterjee and Carlino 2001; Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg 2002). Cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
 
5
Carlino et al. (2007), Ciccone and Hall (1996).
 
6
More details on density methodology are presented in Annex.
 
7
http://​www.​demographia.​com/​db-worldua.​pdf: Demographia World Urban Areas 14th Annual Edition: 201804.
 
8
Demographia World Urban Areas (Built-up Urban Areas or Urban Agglomerations) is an annually published inventory of population, corresponding land area and population density for urban areas with more than 500,000 people. Unlike metropolitan area lists, Demographia World Urban Areas applies a generally consistent definition to built-up urban areas.
 
9
Angel et al. (2016).
 
10
The mathematical formulation of the share of built-up-area in the urban extent and the density ratio is presented in Annex.
 
11
Clark (1951, 1958).
 
12
Martori and Suriñach (2001).
 
13
Bertaud (2004), Bertaud and Richardson (2004).
 
14
Tanner (1961), Smeed (1963).
 
15
Muth (1969).
 
16
Mboup (2011).
 
17
Angel et al. (2010).
 
18
Angel et al. (2010).
 
19
See Footnote 1.
 
20
See Footnote 1.
 
21
See Footnote 1.
 
22
UN-Habitat (2010a).
 
23
See Footnote 22.
 
24
See Footnote 22.
 
25
See Rodrigue (2017).
 
26
See Footnote 25.
 
27
Lusher et al. (2008), Finn and McElhanney (2012), Smart Growth America (2010), Svensson (2004), Central London Partnership (2003).
 
28
Appleyard and Lintell (1977), Moudon (1986).
 
29
Beacom (2012), City of Melbourne and Gehl Architects (2004).
 
30
Jacobs J. is among the pioneers of Livable street are environmental design researchers such as Whyte (1980) and Appleyard (1981), cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010). Jacobs (1961, 1970), Jacobs et al. (2002), Appleyard et al. (1981), Whyte (1980).
 
31
Mboup (2013).
 
32
See Footnote 31.
 
33
See Footnote 31.
 
34
See Footnote 31.
 
35
See Harris (2008). According to Harris, the implementation of an orthogonal plan in Dakar was not a new practice, but a typical urban planning approach in other French colonial settlements in Africa and elsewhere in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
 
36
See also Baumeister and Knebel (2009).
 
37
Dahl (2004), WHO (World Health Organization) (2004), Pucher et al. (2007).
 
38
UN-Habitat (2011).
 
39
Bazoglu et al. (2011).
 
40
Kumar et al. (2017).
 
41
Agence de Developement Municipal (ADM) (2001).
 
42
Törhönen et al. (2013).
 
43
Aikins (2013).
 
44
See Footnote 44.
 
45
UN-Habitat (2006).
 
46
See Footnote 16.
 
48
United Nations (2015).
 
49
European Commission (2017).
 
50
Ndaw (2015).
 
53
See Footnote 31.
 
54
UN-Habitat (2010b).
 
55
Alexandre and Bolay (2010).
 
56
Conroy and Gordon (2004). Cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
 
57
Brody et al. (2004), Laurian (2004). Cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
 
58
Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
 
59
Madanipur (2001, 2017).
 
60
Conroy and Berke (2004), Conroy and Gordon (2004), Wild and Marshall (1999). Cited by Conroy and Evans-Cowley (2010).
 
61
Chen et al. (2010).
 
62
Silva (2010).
The Use of Social Media for Urban Planning: Virtual Urban Landscapes Created Using Twitter Data.
 
63
Yigitcanlar (2013).
 
64
Horelli and Wallin (2010).
 
65
Staffans et al. (2010).
 
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Metadata
Title
Africa’s Smart City Foundation: Urbanization, Urban Form and Structure, Land Tenure and Basic Infrastructures
Author
Gora Mboup
Copyright Year
2019
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Smart Economy in Smart African Cities

Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3470-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-3471-9

Copyright Year: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3471-9_3